Albanian

  Words: Beni iku.
  Gloss: Ben.the left
  Translation: Ben left.
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: Erdhi Madona.
  Gloss: came Madonna
  Translation: Madonna came/arrived.
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: Eva bleu akullore.
  Gloss: Eva bought ice-cream
  Translation: Eva bought (an) ice-cream.
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: #akullore bleva
  Gloss: ice-cream bought-1SG
  Translation: I bought (an) ice-cream
  Comment: his is bad in a ‘neutral’ (e.g. out-of-the-blue) context only, but fine in a context such as ‘What did you buy?
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words:  Eva bleu akullore
  Gloss: Eva bought ice-cream
  Translation: Eva bought (an) ice-cream.
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: #Eva akullore bleu.
  Gloss: Eva ice-cream bought
  Translation: Eva bought (an) ice-cream.
  Comment: this is bad in a ‘neutral’ (e.g. out-of-the-blue) context but fine in a context such as ‘What did Eva buy?’
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: Bleu Eva akullore.
  Gloss: bought Eva ice-cream
  Translation: Eva bought (an) ice-cream.
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: Bleu akullore Eva.
  Gloss: bought ice-cream Eva
  Translation: Eva bought (an) ice-cream.
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: *Akullore Eva bleu.
  Gloss: ice-cream Eva bought
  Translation: Eva bought (an) ice-cream.
  Comment: compare with 04; i.e. if the subject is dropped, there are non-neutral contexts where this is fine
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: #Akullore bleu Eva.
  Gloss: ice-cream bought Eva
  Translation: Eva bought (an) ice-cream.
  Comment: this is bad in a ‘neutral’ context, but fine in a context such as ‘What did Eva buy?’
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: Me kënaqësi
  Gloss: with pleasure
  Translation: with pleasure
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: rrugës pranë
  Gloss:  road-the near
  Translation: by the road
  Comment: not a terribly productive pattern but it obviously exists
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: #e shpejta makinë
  Gloss: agr fast-the car
  Translation: the fast car
  Comment: this order is always marked in Albanian
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: makina e shpejtë
  Gloss: car-the agr fast
  Translation: the fast car
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: (të) pestë librat
  Gloss: (the) five books
  Translation: the five books
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: *libra pesë
  Gloss: books five
  Translation: five books
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: kjo vajzë
  Gloss: this girl
  Translation: this girl
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words:  *vajzë kjo
  Gloss: girl this
  Translation: this girl
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: *I Evës vëlla
  Gloss: agr(M,SG) Eva-GEN.F brother-the(NOM.M)
  Translation: Eva's brother
  Comment: becomes slightly better with contrastive focus on the possessor.
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: vëllai i Evës
  Gloss: brother-the(NOM) agr(M,SG) Eva-DAT
  Translation:  Eva’s brother
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words:  im vëlla
  Gloss: my brother
  Translation: my brother
  Comment: this pattern is only productive with relational, human nouns
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: libri im/yt …
  Gloss: book-the my/your ...
  Translation: my/your book
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: një libër i kuq
  Gloss: a book agr(M,SG) red
  Translation:  a red book
  Comment: libër’ is masculine (M)
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: një shami e kuqe
  Gloss: a handkerchief agr(F,SG) red
  Translation: a red handkerchief
  Comment: ‘shami’ is feminine (F)
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: Ky libër është i kuq.
  Gloss:  this.NOM,M,SG book is agr(NOM,M,SG) red
  Translation: This book is red.
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words:  shumë besnik
  Gloss: very loyal
  Translation: very loyal
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: një kopsht i madh shumë
  Gloss: a garden agr(M,SG) big very
  Translation:  a very big garden
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: Patatet ishin zier.
  Gloss: potatoes.the were cooked
  Translation: Potatoes were/had been boiled.
  Comment: both verbal and adjectival passive
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words:  Beni kishte zier patatet.
  Gloss:  Ben.the had boiled potatoes.the
  Translation: Peter had boiled the potatoes.
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: Thashë se Beni iku.
  Gloss: said.1SG that Ben.the left.3SG
  Translation: I said that Ben left.
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: *Thashë Beni iku se.
  Gloss: said.1SG Ben.the left.3SG that
  Translation: I said that Ben left.
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: Nuk shkova sepse isha e zënë.
  Gloss: NEG went.1SG because was.1SG agr(F,SG) busy
  Translation: I didn’t go because I was busy.
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: *Beni iku ngrënë pa.
  Gloss: Ben.the left-3SG eaten.PART without
  Translation: Ben left without eating.
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: Në rrugë ka dy pemë.
  Gloss: in street has two trees
  Translation: There are two trees in the street
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: *Në rrugë ka pemë dy.
  Gloss: in street has trees two
  Translation: There are two trees in the street
  Comment: This is fine with a comma intonation between pemë and dy
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: (Të) Tre pakot arritën dje.
  Gloss: (the) three parcels.the arrived yesterday
  Translation: (All) the three parcels arrived yesterday
  Comment:  të preceding the numeral denotes totality and can be rendered in English either as ‘the’ or as ‘all’
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: *Pakot tre arritën dje
  Gloss: parcels.the three arrived yesterday
  Translation:  The three parcels arrived yesterday
  Comment: This is fine with a comma intonation between pakot and tre
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: Këto tre pakot arritën dje.
  Gloss: these three parcels(.the) arrived yesterday
  Translation: These three parcels arrived yesterday
  Comment: The definite determiner is optional
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: Nuk fola. / S’fola.
  Gloss: not spoke.1S / not’spoke.1S
  Translation:  I did not speak.
  Comment: The negative particles nuk and/or s’ are used when the verb is in Indicative and Admirative mood. Mos is used with Subjunctives, Imperatives, Optatives. Pa is used with Gerunds.
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words:  kjo e bukur / bukura vajzë
  Gloss: this(F,SG) agr(F,SG) pretty / pretty.the girl
  Translation: this pretty girl
  Comment:  This feels slightly marked and/or archaic/dialectal though.
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words:  këto tre gra
  Gloss: these(F) three women(F)
  Translation:  these three women
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: ky libër i bukur
  Gloss: this(M,SG) book agr(M,SG) good
  Translation:  this good book
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: *(një) libër i bukur ky
  Gloss: CL,DAT is(ADM) (a) book agr good this
  Translation: this good book
  Comment: This is fine if rendered as ‘A good one, this book!
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words:  *(një) libër ky i bukur
  Gloss:  book this agr good
  Translation: a good one, this book
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: *I bukur ky libër
  Gloss: agr(M,SG) good(.the) this book
  Translation: this good book
  Comment: his is fine with stress on the adjective. In this case, it would mean: ‘a good one, this book’
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: *I bukur libër ky
  Gloss: agr(M,SG) good book this(M,SG)
  Translation: this good book
  Comment: This pattern is grammatical only under a ‘leftward movement’ construal of the NP/np i bukur libër wrt the demonstrative, in which case it would mean: ‘a good book, this one’.
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: I njoh këta fëmijë (që) të tre.
  Gloss:  them(Cl,ACC) know-I.SG these children.the (that) the three
  Translation: I know these kids, all (the) three (of them)
  Comment: This pattern is only possible with an intonation break between the noun and the numeral, ungrammatical otherwise
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: të treja këto studente
  Gloss: the three these students
  Translation: (all) these three (female) students
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: A erdhi Beni?
  Gloss: Q came.3SG Ben.the(NOM)
  Translation: Did Ben come?
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Comment: Only Gheg but not Standard Albanian allows for a final polar Q-marker.
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: Beni (a) erdhi?
  Gloss: Ben.the(NOM) (Q-marker) came.3SG
  Translation: Did Ben come?
  Comment: Not quite sure: the subject could be left-dislocated here, especially since the (optional) polarity Q-marker a can intervene. This is why I set it to no.
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: Erdhi Beni?
  Gloss: came.3SG Ben.the(NOM,SG)
  Translation: Did Ben come?
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: Q: Ka ardhur Ana? A: Po.
  Gloss: Q: has-3.SG come Ann-the(NOM) A: Yes.
  Translation: Q: Has Ann come? A: Yes.
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: Q: Erdhi Ana? A: Erdhi.
  Gloss: Q: came-3SG Ann-the(NOM) A: came-3SG.
  Translation: Q: Did Ann come?
  Comment: A: Yes, she came.
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: Q: Ka ardhur Ana? A: Ka ardhur.
  Gloss: Q: has-3.SG come Ann-the(NOM) A: has-3.SG come
  Translation: Q: Has Ann come? A: Yes (lit 'has come')
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: Erdhi Ana? A: Ka erdhi.
  Gloss: Q: came-3SG Ann-the(NOM) A: yes, came-3SG.
  Translation: Q: Did Ann come? A: Yes, she did (come).
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: Q: Erdhi njeri? A: Erdhi (dikush).
  Gloss:   Q: came-3.SG anyone A: came-3.SG (someone)
  Translation: Q: Did anyone come? A: Yes, (someone did) (lit 'came (someone)')
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: Q: Erdhi njeri? A: Jo.
  Gloss: Q: came-3.SG anyone A: No.
  Translation: Q: Did anyone come? A: No.
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: Q: Bleve akullore? A: Nuk bleva.
  Gloss: Q: bought-2.SG ice-cream A: Not bought-1.SG
  Translation: Did you buy ice-cream? A: No. (lit. 'not bought')
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: Q: Nuk ka ardhur Ana? A: ?Po *(, nuk ka ardhur)
  Gloss: Q: not has come Ann-the(NOM) A: Yes, not has come
  Translation: Q: Has Ann not come? A: Yes (she has not come)
  Comment: Ticky! Therefore set as NA inmeantime. A 'yes' answer requires a continuation (i.e. 'has not come').
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: Q: Nuk ka ardhur Ana? A: Jo (, nuk ka ardhur)
  Gloss: Q: not has come Ann-the(NOM) A: no, not has come
  Translation: Q: Has Ann not come? A: No (she has not come)
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: Q: Nuk ka ardhur Ana? A: (Po) si jo (, ka ardhur.)
  Gloss: Q: not has come Ann-the(NOM) A: (but) how no (has come)
  Translation: Q: Has Ann not come. A: Yes (she has come).
  Comment:   the initial 'po' in the answer actually means 'but', not 'yes' in this case (it is a shortened form of 'por' which means 'but') and is only optional, as is the continuation (i.e. 'has come')
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: Q: Nuk ka ardhur Ana? A: Po, (po) si jo.
  Gloss: Q: not has come Ann-the(NOM) A: Yes, (but) how no
  Translation: Q: Has Ann not arrived. A: Yes (she has arrived).
  Comment: Polarity reversing '(po) si jo' is compatible with the standard affirmative particle 'po'. Notice that the two do not form an intonational unit.
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli