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Values |
Contributor |
Comments |
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01_Subject Verb
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Yes |
Ljuba Veselinova |
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Words: Nikola pristig-na Gloss: Nikola arrive-3.SG.AOR Translation: Nikola arrived Comment: AOR=aorist, not in the Leipzig glossing rules Contributor: Ljuba Veselinova |
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02_Verb Subject
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No |
Ljuba Veselinova |
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03_Verb Object
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Yes |
Ljuba Veselinova |
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Words: S-vərsh-i proekt-a Gloss: PFV-do-3.SG.AOR project-DEF.SG.M Translation: Finished the project Comment: The sentence is much more colloquial if a reflexive-possessive particle 'si' is added 'Svərsh-i si proekt-a' added Contributor: Ljuba Veselinova |
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04_Object Verb
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No |
Ljuba Veselinova |
Again, this is a possible but very marked order. The object cannot appear as a bare noun, it must have an object clitic |
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05_Subject Verb Object
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Yes |
Ljuba Veselinova |
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Words: Nikola do-vərsh-i proekt-a Gloss: Nikola PFV-do-3.SG:AOR projekt-3.SG.DEF.M Translation: Nikola finished the project Contributor: Ljuba Veselinova |
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06_Subject Object Verb
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Yes |
Ljuba Veselinova |
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Words: Todor ja vid-ja Gloss: Todor 3.SG.ACC.F see-3.SG.AOR Translation: Todor saw her Comment: This order is possible only with pronominal subjects but other than that it is fully normal. AOR stands for aorist. It is not in the Leipzig glossing rules Contributor: Ljuba Veselinova |
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07_Verb Subject Object
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No |
Ljuba Veselinova |
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08_Verb Object Subject
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No |
Ljuba Veselinova |
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09_Object Subject Verb
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No |
Ljuba Veselinova |
This is a pragmattically marked order; it's possble but the object has to be marked by an object clitic, that is it cannot be a bare noun or simple NP |
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10_Object Verb Subject
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No |
Ljuba Veselinova |
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11_Adposition Noun_Phrase
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Yes |
Iliana Krapova |
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Words: Plamen otid-e do Varna s kola-ta Gloss: Plamen go.PFV-AOR.3.SG to Varna with car-DEF.SG.F Translation: Plamen drove to Varna Contributor: Ljuba Veselinova |
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12_Noun_Phrase Adposition
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No |
Iliana Krapova |
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13_Adjective Noun
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Yes |
Iliana Krapova |
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Words: novata kola Gloss: new-ART car Translation: the new car Contributor: Iliana Krapova |
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Words: xubav-o dete Gloss: pretty-3.N.sg child Translation: pretty child Contributor: Ljuba Veselinova |
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14_Noun Adjective
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No |
Ljuba Veselinova |
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15_Numeral Noun
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Yes |
Iliana Krapova |
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Words: dve kol-i Gloss: two car-PL Translation: two cars Contributor: Ljuba Veselinova |
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16_Noun Numeral
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No |
Iliana Krapova |
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17_Demonstrative Noun
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Yes |
Iliana Krapova |
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Words: tova dete Gloss: DEM.N.SG child.N Translation: this child Contributor: Ljuba Veselinova |
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18_Noun Demonstrative
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No |
Ljuba Veselinova |
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19_Possessor Noun
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Yes |
Ljuba Veselinova |
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Words: Plamen-ova-ta kola ne vərv-i dobre Gloss: Plamen-POSS.F.SG-DEF.F.SG car NEG walk-3.SG.PRS well Translation: Plamen's car does not run well Comment: this order is more marked than Noun Possessor order; this is, however, the normal order if the possessor is pronominal. Although pronominal possessors are excluded from the current definition, it's still important to keep this in mind Contributor: Ljuba Veselinova |
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20_Noun Possessor
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Yes |
Ljuba Veselinova |
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Words: Kola-ta na Plamen ne vərv-i dobre Gloss: car-DEF.F.SG of Plamen NEG walk-3.SG.PRS well Translation: Plamen's car does not run well; lit. 'The car of Plamen does not run well') Contributor: Ljuba Veselinova |
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21_Pronominal Possessor Noun
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Yes |
Ljuba Veselinova |
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Words: moja-ta kəshta Gloss: 1.SG.POSS.F-DEF.F house.F Translation: my house Contributor: Ljuba Veselinova |
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22_Noun Pronominal Possessor
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No |
Ljuba Veselinova |
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Words: kəshta moja Gloss: house.F 1.SG.POSS Translation: house my Comment: this is possible only in very marked styles such as poetry Contributor: Ljuba Veselinova |
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A 01_Attributive Adjective Agreement
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Yes |
Iliana Krapova |
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Words: goljam-a kəshta Gloss: big-SG.F house.F.SG Translation: a big house Contributor: Ljuba Veselinova |
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Words: golem-i kəsht-i Gloss: big-PL house-PL Translation: big houses Contributor: Ljuba Veselinova |
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Words: goljam-o dete Gloss: big-SG.N child.N Translation: big child Contributor: Ljuba Veselinova |
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A 02_Predicate Adjective Agreement
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Yes |
Ljuba Veselinova |
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Words: Dəshterja-ta na Irina e xubav-a Gloss: daughter-DEF.F.SG of Irina be.3.SG.PRS pretty-F.SG Translation: Irina's daughter is pretty Contributor: Ljuba Veselinova |
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Words: Deca-ta na Irina sa xubav-i Gloss: children-DEF.PL of Irina be.3.PL.PRS pretty-PL Translation: Irina's children are pretty Comment: Note that only gender and number are copied on to the predicate adjective from the subject; definiteness is not. Contributor: Ljuba Veselinova |
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A 03_Degree Adjective
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Yes |
Iliana Krapova |
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Words: mnogo visok-a sgrada Gloss: very tall-SG.F building.F Translation: a very tall building Contributor: Ljuba Veselinova |
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A 04_Adjective Degree
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No |
Mike Taylor |
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AuxSel 01_Auxiliary Selection
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No |
Iliana Krapova |
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C 01_Complementizer Clause
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Yes |
Iliana Krapova |
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Words: Kaza-x na Plamen da pochn-e rabota Gloss: say-1.SG.AOR to Plamen that start-3.SG.PRS work Translation: I told Plamen that he should start working Contributor: Ljuba Veselinova |
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C 02_Clause Complementizer
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No |
Iliana Krapova |
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C 03_Adverbial_Subordinator Clause
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Yes |
Ljuba Veselinova |
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Words: Dnes si stoj-ax v kəshti zashtoto navən beshe studen-o Gloss: Today REFL stay-IMPCT in home because outside be.IMPCT.3.SG cold-N.SG Translation: Today I stayed at home because it was cold outside Comment: IMFCT = imperfect, not in the Leipzig glossing rules; please note that this is the imperfect tense, not to be confused with the imperfective aspect Contributor: Ljuba Veselinova |
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C 04_Clause Adverbial Subordinator
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No |
Iliana Krapova |
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Extra Examples
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Yes |
Iliana Krapova |
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N2 05_Definite NP (Num N, N Num) has a definite article
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Yes |
Roumyana Pancheva |
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N2 06_Definite NP (Num N, N Num) has a demonstrative
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Yes |
Roumyana Pancheva |
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N2 07_Definite NP (Num N, N Num) lacks a definite article or demonstrative
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No |
Roumyana Pancheva |
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N2 08_Definite NP (Num N, N Num) contains a Plural marker, but Indefinite NP does not
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No |
Roumyana Pancheva |
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Neg 01_Standard Negation is Particle that Precedes the Verb
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Yes |
Ljuba Veselinova |
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Words: Todor ne praznuv-a Nov-a Godina Gloss: Todor NEG party.IPFV-3.SG.PRS New-F.SG Year.F.SG Translation: Todor does not party at/for New Year's Comment: used in sentences with non-future time reference Contributor: Ljuba Veselinova |
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Neg 02_Standard Negation is Particle that Follows the verb
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No |
Ljuba Veselinova |
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Neg 03_Standard Negation is Prefix
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No |
Ljuba Veselinova |
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Neg 04_Standard Negation is Suffix
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No |
Ljuba Veselinova |
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Neg 05_Standard Negation is Negative Auxiliary verb
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No |
Ljuba Veselinova |
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Neg 06_Standard Negation is Higher verb
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Yes |
Ljuba Veselinova |
has to be used in sentences with future time reference |
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Words: Todor i Dana njama da xod-jat na kino Gloss: Todor and Dana not.have.3.SG.PRS SUBORD go.3.PL:PRS to cinema Translation: Todor and Dana won't go to the movies Comment: SUBORD = subordinator Contributor: Ljuba Veselinova |
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Neg 07_Standard Negation is Tone
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No |
Ljuba Veselinova |
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Neg 08_Standard Negation is Tone plus Other Modification
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No |
Ljuba Veselinova |
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Neg 09_Standard Negation is Reduplication
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No |
Ljuba Veselinova |
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Neg 10_Standard Negation is Infix
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No |
Ljuba Veselinova |
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Neg 11_Distinct Negation of Class/Property
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No |
Ljuba Veselinova |
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Neg 12_Distinct Negation of identity
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No |
Ljuba Veselinova |
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Neg 13_Distinct Negation of Existence
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Yes |
Ljuba Veselinova |
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Words: Navən njama nikakv-i katerichk-i Gloss: outsite not.have.3.SG.PRS none-PL.INDF squirrel-PL:INDF Translation: There are no squirrels outside Contributor: Ljuba Veselinova |
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Words: Prizrats-i njama Gloss: Ghost-PL.INDF not.have.3.SG.PRS Translation: There are no ghosts Contributor: Ljuba Veselinova |
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Neg 14_Distinct Negation of Location
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Yes |
Ljuba Veselinova |
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Words: Todor i Dana gi njama Gloss: Todor and Dana 3.PL.ACC not.have.3.SG.PRS Translation: Todor and Dana are not here Comment: may also mean Todor and Dana are dead. The special negator njama and the whole construction above cannot be used in constructions of contrastive negation such as Todor and Dana are not here but at work. Contributor: Ljuba Veselinova |
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Order N3 01_ Demonstrative Adjective Noun
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Yes |
Iliana Krapova |
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Words: tova xubav-o dete Gloss: DEM.N pretty-N.SG child.N Translation: this pretty child Contributor: Ljuba Veselinova |
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Order N3 02_Demonstrative Noun Adjective
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No |
Iliana Krapova |
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Order N3 03_ Noun Adjective Demonstrative
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No |
Ljuba Veselinova |
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Order N3 04_Noun Demonstrative Adjective
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No |
Ljuba Veselinova |
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Order N3 05_Adjective Demonstrative Noun
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No |
Ljuba Veselinova |
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Order N3 06_Adjective Noun Demonstrative
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No |
Iliana Krapova |
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V2 01_Declarative Verb-Second
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No |
Ljuba Veselinova |
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V2 02_Interrogative Verb-Second
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No |
Ljuba Veselinova |
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Words: Zashto xvarli Vera jabalka-ta na zemja-ta? Gloss: why threw Vera apple-DEF.F on ground-DEF.F Translation: Why did Vera throw the apple on the floor? Comment: A more colloquial variant of the sentence of would be with a clitic: Zashto _ja_ xvarli Vera jabalkata na zemjata. The clitic precedes the verb Contributor: Ljuba Veselinova |
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