Properties |
Values |
Contributor |
Comments |
|
+
01_Subject Verb
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Words: Marie bouwt veel mooie huizen Gloss: Mary builds many nice.AGR house.PL Translation: Mary builds a lot of nice houses Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
+
02_Verb Subject
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
only in narrative contexts. |
 |
Words: komt Jan gisteren bij de bakker; is al het brood op Gloss: comes John yesterday at the bakery, is all the bread up Translation: (wh/th/en) John gets to the bakery yesterday, (and) all the bread is gone Comment: OK in narrative contexts(cf Gert Jan Postma on the forum), and in joke contexts. But "Komt Jan gisteren bij de bakker" needs further continuation, and cannot stand on its own. Hence I set V-S to NO. Which (V-second) languages have narrative V-first, or V first in joke settings? This could be a future development (pehaps for V second languages). Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
+
03_Verb Object
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Words: Marie bouwt dit jaar twee kamers Gloss: Mary build this year two rooms Translation: Mary is building two rooms this year Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
+
04_Object Verb
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Words: Marie heeft Jan hard geduwd Gloss: Mary has John hard ge.push.PRTC Translation: Mary has pushed John hard Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
+
05_Subject Verb Object
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Words: Marie belt vandaag haar twee broers op Gloss: Mary calls today her two brothers up Translation: Mary is calling her two brothers today Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
+
06_Subject Object Verb
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Words: Marie heeft Jan hard geduwd Gloss: Mary has John hard ge.push.PRTC Translation: Mary pushed John hard Comment: If this sentence is embedded, the auxiliary 'heeft' can immediately precede or follow the participle; dat Marie Jan hard heeft geduwd/geduwd heeft. Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
07_Verb Subject Object
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
08_Verb Object Subject
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
09_Object Subject Verb
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
10_Object Verb Subject
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
+
11_Adposition Noun_Phrase
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Words: Jan woont in een groot huis Gloss: John lives in a big house Translation: John is living in a big house. Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
+
12_Noun_Phrase Adposition
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Words: Het pad het bos in begint hier Gloss: The path the forest in starts here Translation: The path into the forests starts here Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
+
13_Adjective Noun
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Words: grot-e huiz-en Gloss: big.AGR house.PL Translation: big houses. Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
14_Noun Adjective
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
+
15_Numeral Noun
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Words: Marie heeft met twee mensen gepraat Gloss: Marie has with two people talked Translation: Marie has talked with two people Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
16_Noun Numeral
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
+
17_Demonstrative Noun
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Words: Dit huis is mooier dan die twee huizen Gloss: This house is beautiful.er than those two houses Translation: This house is more beautiful than those two houses Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
Words: Dit huis is mooier dan die twee huizen Gloss: This house is beautiful.er than those two houses Translation: This house is more beautiful than those two houses Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
18_Noun Demonstrative
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
+
19_Possessor Noun
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Words: Jans huis is klein Gloss: John.s house is small Translation: John's house it small Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
+
20_Noun Possessor
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Words: Het huis van Marie staat te koop Gloss: The house of Mary stays to buy Translation: Mary's house is for sale Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
+
21_Pronominal Possessor Noun
|
Yes |
Lotte Hendriks |
|
 |
Words: Wat lees je? M'n boek Gloss: What read 2SG? 1SG.POSS book Translation: What are you reading? My book Comment: 1SG: “mijn” (strong), “m’n” (weak); 1PL: “ons”, “onze”, (see additional example) 2SG: “jouw” (strong), “je” (weak); 2PL: “jullie”; 2.POL: “uw” 3SG MASC: “zijn” (strong), “z’n” (weak); 3SG.FEM “haar” (strong), “d’r” (weak); 3PL: “hun”. Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
Words: Wat lezen jullie? Ons boek. Gloss: what read 2PL? Our book.sg Translation: What are you reading? Our book Comment: Two readings (at least): there is a single book being read together, or each reader is reading copies of the same book. Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
Words: Wat lezen jullie? Onze boeken. Gloss: What are you reading? Our.pL book.PL Translation: what are you reading? our books Comment: multiple books. I am not sure it could be the same book, say a textbook. Dutch speakers out there, what do you think? Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
+
22_Noun Pronominal Possessor
|
No |
Lotte Hendriks |
not with definite noun phrases..Perhaps OK with specific indefinites |
 |
Words: Wat ben je aan het lezen? Een boek van mij/*?het boek van mij Gloss: What are you at the read.INF? A book of me /*?the book of my Translation: What are you reading? A book of mine/the book of mine Comment: Postnominal genitives are pretty fine, as long as the noun phrase is indefinite; Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
A 01_Attributive Adjective Agreement
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
A 02_Predicate Adjective Agreement
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
A 03_Degree Adjective
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
+
A 04_Adjective Degree
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Words: Een groot genoeg huis Gloss: A big enough house Translation: A big enough house. Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
Words: Zij hebben een groot genoeg huis/ (?)Zij wonen in [groot genoeg]-e huizen / **Ze wonen in grot-e genoeg huizen Gloss: They have a big enough house/ ? They live in [big enough]-AGR houses/ **They live in [big]-e enough houses Translation: big enough houses Comment: With singular Ns [a groot genoeg huis] ('a big enough house' is fine. With plural nouns, forcing the agreement to appear lead to speaker variability in acceptablility. Some accept,some reject agreement following the adjectival phrase (behaving like a phrasal affix). I am unaware of any speakers allowing the Agr on the adjective. It is clear where the agreement would go (after the AP). This shows that adjectival agreement in Dutch is a phrasal affix/clitic, and not an inflectional category on the A. This s Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
+
AuxSel 01_Auxiliary Selection
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Words: Marie heeft zo hard gelachen dat Jan vertrokken is Gloss: Mary has so loud laugh.PCPT that John left is Translation: Mary laughed so loudly that John has left. Comment: 'laugh' takes 'have' as perfect auxiliary; leave takes 'be. Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
+
C 01_Complementizer Clause
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Words: Je zal wel niet geloven dat Jan Marie opgebeld heeft Gloss: You will yes not believe.PRCT that John Mary up.ge.call.PCPT has Translation: You probably won't believe that John called Mary Comment: that is homophonous with the neutral singular demonstrative (dat.sg.neut). Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
C 02_Clause Complementizer
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
+
C 03_Adverbial_Subordinator Clause
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Words: Marie zal hier komen hoewel Jan al vertrokken is. Gloss: Mary will come here how.yes John already left is Translation: Mary will come although John has already left. Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
+
C 04_Clause Adverbial Subordinator
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Words: [[dat hij zich zo verzette] tenspijt] Gloss: that he SELF so resisted] despite Translation: ‘despite the fact that he resisted so much’ Comment: Gertjan Postma wrote on the forum: I know of (possibly) one post-clause subordinator. Usually as stand-alone clause. Does, however, with difficulty, integrate into the sentence. This form does not seem to be part of HK's speech, hence NO Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
Extra Examples
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
|
 |
+
N2 01_Numeral Noun (indefinite)
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Words: Pas op! Er lopen twee kinderen op de weg Gloss: lit.Fit up! There walk.pl two children on the road Translation: Watch out! There are two kids on the road Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
N2 02_Noun Numeral (indefinite)
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
+
N2 03_Numeral Noun (definite)
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Words: we hebben de vier brieven gisteren ontvangen Gloss: we have the four letters yesterday received Translation: we got the four letters yesterday Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
N2 04_Noun Numeral (definite)
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
N2 05_Definite NP (Num N, N Num) has a definite article
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
+
N2 06_Definite NP (Num N, N Num) has a demonstrative
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Words: wat vind je van deze drie posters? Gloss: what find you of these drie posters? Translation: what do you think about these three posters? Comment: I strongly prefer the demonstrative in the context where there are just three posters on the wall. Maybe the definite determiner is even excluded in this case. The determiner de is perfect however if there are three posters as well as two paintings on the wall. De demonstrative is not stressed. Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
N2 07_Definite NP (Num N, N Num) lacks a definite article or demonstrative
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
N2 08_Definite NP (Num N, N Num) contains a Plural marker, but Indefinite NP does not
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
N2 09_Definite NP (Num N, N Num) contains any other marking
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
N2 10_The Numeral has a different form in Definite and Indefinite (Num N, N Num) contexts
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
N2 11_The Noun has a different form in Definite and Indefinite (Num N, N Num) contexts
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
+
Neg 01_Standard Negation is Particle that Precedes the Verb
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Words: ik denk dat Marie gisteren niet met Jan over het weer heeft gepraat Gloss: I think that Marie yesterday NEG with John about the weather has talked Translation: I think that Mary did not talk about the weather with John yesterday Comment: The negation niet is at the left edge of the "VP" ; specific non focused objects must precede niet. The folllowing follow niet: non focused, PPs, (directional, dative, instrumentals, commitatives, localitive, idiomatic PPs, small clause complements/separable particles, and the verb cluster (containing the finite verb in non root sentences, and the cluster minus the finite verb in root environments Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
Words: Ik denk dat Marie de brief gisteren niet op de post gedaan heeft Gloss: I think that Marie the letter yesterday NEG in de mail done has Translation: I think that Marie didn't put the letter in the mail yesterday Comment: NEG does not immediate precede V, but the verb phrase. (non focused definite objects must precede niet) Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
Neg 02_Standard Negation is Particle that Follows the verb
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
only when the main verb undergoes verb second in root clauses. XP Vf......Neg ......( V) CP |
 |
Neg 03_Standard Negation is Prefix
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Neg 04_Standard Negation is Suffix
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Neg 05_Standard Negation is Negative Auxiliary verb
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Neg 06_Standard Negation is Higher verb
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Neg 07_Standard Negation is Tone
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Neg 08_Standard Negation is Tone plus Other Modification
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Neg 09_Standard Negation is Reduplication
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Neg 10_Standard Negation is Infix
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
+
Neg 11_Distinct Negation of Class/Property
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
It is a bit unclear to me how you want me to deal with geen. see the comments on the example; I set this to no: at least one of the context can have a distinct negation. But this is not dependent on type of predciate, but on the presence of an indefinite |
 |
Words: Jan is niet normaal Gloss: John is NEG normal Translation: John is not normal Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
Words: Hij is geen dokter; Hij is niet normaal Gloss: He is NEG-INDEF doctor; He is NEG normal Translation: He is not a doctor/ He is not normal Comment: With adjectives, the standard Neg is used, but with predicative nouns, NEG is relalized as a negative determiner "g-een" with immediately adjacent indefinite. (g-indef N). Here the form *hij is niet een dokter with the regular negation niet seems excluded, unless een doctor is contrastively focused. On the other hand with predciative adjectives the standards negation occurs. I don't know how to set this property: it could be yes (as it would be done for lesser studied languages on the basis of class, or n Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
Words: Hij is geen dokter; Hij is niet normaal Gloss: He is NEG.INDEF doctor; He is NEG normal Translation: Hij isn't a doctor; He is not normal Comment: With adjectives, the standard Neg is used, but with predicative nouns, NEG is relalized as a negative determiner "g-een" . (g-indef N). The form #hij is niet een dokter' with the regular negation 'niet' seems rather bad, unless doctor is contrastive (or polarity is focused.) Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
Neg 12_Distinct Negation of identity
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
+
Neg 13_Distinct Negation of Existence
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
this is tricky! In negative exsistentials (and in general with negative indefinites) standard negation does not show up, but negation is encoded in a negative deteminer (g-een) (not one). Since this is a general property having to do with the presence of an indefinite, I set it to No. |
 |
Words: er is niemand op straat Gloss: there is noone in the street Translation: There is noone in the street Comment: With indefinite subjects, negation is realized as a negative determiner (n-ie-man-d). This is generally the case, and not dependent on the presence of an exsistential predicate, so this property is set to NO. Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
+
Neg 14_Distinct Negation of Location
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Words: Tom is niet in zijn kamer Gloss: Tom is not in his room Translation: Tom is not in his room Comment: with a definite subjet. Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
Words: er is niemand op straat Gloss: there is noone in the street Translation: there is noone in the street Comment: With indefinite subjects, negation is realized as a negative determiner (n-ie-man-d). This is generally the case, and not dependent on the presence of an existential predicate, therefore this property is set to NO. Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
+
Order N3 01_ Demonstrative Adjective Noun
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Words: Ik vind deze grote huizen lelijk Gloss: I find these big.AGR house.PL ugly Translation: I find these big houses ugly Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
Order N3 02_Demonstrative Noun Adjective
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Order N3 03_ Noun Adjective Demonstrative
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Order N3 04_Noun Demonstrative Adjective
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Order N3 05_Adjective Demonstrative Noun
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Order N3 06_Adjective Noun Demonstrative
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Order N3 07_Demonstrative Numeral Noun
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Order N3 08_Demonstrative Noun Numeral
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Order N3 09_ Noun Numeral Demonstrative
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Order N3 10_Noun Demonstrative Numeral
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Order N3 11_Numeral Demonstrative Noun
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Order N3 12_Numeral Noun Demonstrative
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Q01_Initial polar Q-marker
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Q02_Final polar Q-marker
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Q03_Clause internal polar Q-marker
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Q04_Polar question by intonation
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Q05_Polar question by V-fronting
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
+
Q06_Polar question by Auxiliary-fronting
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Words: A: is je broer naar Parijs gegaan? B. Ja /nee /jawel) *Is/*Is gegaan/*hij is Gloss: A: Is your borther to Paris gone? B. ja / no/ yesdid)/ *is/ *is gone/*he is/ Translation: A. Did your brother go to Paris? yes/no/ (*did/did go/he did / Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
Q07_Q-marker follows narrow focus
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
+
Q08_Affirmative answer by particle
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Words: A: is je broer met de TGV naar Parijs gegaan? B. Ja /*wel/ *(ja) is/*Is gegaan/*hij is/ ja, dat is ie Gloss: Yes/ *well/ *(yes) is gone/ *yes he is/ yes that is he Translation: Yes Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
Q09_Affirmative answer by verb
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Q10_Affirmative answer by auxiliary
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Q11_Affirmative answer by auxiliary and verb
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Q12_Affirmative answer by particle and verb
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Q13_Affirmative answer by predicative 'be'
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Q14_Verb answer to indefinite subject question
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Q15_Particle-and-verb answer to indefinite subject question
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
+
Q16NEGA_Negative answer by special negative particle
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Words: A: Is je broer met de TGV naar Parijs gegaan? B. nee /*niet/ *(hij) Is niet/ nee, dat is hij niet Gloss: Is your brother with the TGV to Paris gone? B. No/*niet/*(he) is not/ no, that is he not Translation: Did your brother go to Paris with the TGV? No. Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
Q17NEGA_Negative answer by bare sentential negation
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Q18NEGA_Negative answer by sentential negation plus bare verb
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Q19ANegQ_Truth-based confirmation
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
+
Q20ANegQ_Polarity-based confirmation
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Words: Is je broer uiteindelijk niet naar Parijs gegaan? B. Nee. (*ja) Gloss: Is your brother in the end not to Paris gone? B. No (*yes) Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
Q21ANegQ_Polarity-reversing particle
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
+
Q22ANegQ_Polarity-reversing answer by affirmative and special particle
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Words: A: is je broer niet naar Parijs gegaan? B. jawel. (hij is wel naar Parijs gegaan Gloss: Is your brother not to Paris gone? B. Yeswel. (he is wel to Paris gone) Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
+
V2 01_Declarative Verb-Second
|
Yes |
Lotte Hendriks |
|
 |
Words: Jan eet elke dag een appel. Gloss: John eats every day an apple Translation: “John eats an apple every day.” Comment: The example holds as well for auxiliaries. Only the finite auxiliary is fronted. Contributor: Lotte Hendriks |
|
|
|
Words: Elke dag eet Jan een appel. Gloss: Every day eats John an apple Translation: “Every day John eats an apple.” Comment: The example holds as well for auxiliaries. Only the finite auxiliary is fronted. Contributor: Lotte Hendriks |
|
|
|
Words: Appel-tjes eet Jan elke dag. Gloss: Apple-DIM.PL eats John every day Translation: “Little apples, John eats every day.” Comment: The example holds as well for auxiliaries. Only the finite auxiliary is fronted. Contributor: Lotte Hendriks |
|
|
|
Words: Jan zal voortaan iedere dag om 7 uur naar huis fietsen. Gloss: John will henceforth every day at 7 o’clock to home cycle. Translation: “From now on John will cycle home every day at 7 o’clock.” Contributor: Lotte Hendriks |
|
|
|
Words: * Elke dag Jan /hij /'k eet een appel. Gloss: Every day John / he / I eat an apple Translation: “Every day John / he / I eat(s) an apple.” (* means ungrammatical) Contributor: Lotte Hendriks |
|
|
|
Words: * Jan zal eten elke dag een appel. Gloss: John will eat every day an apple Translation: “John will eat an apple every day.” Comment: Only the finite auxiliary can be fronted. Contributor: Lotte Hendriks |
|
|
|
+
V2 02_Interrogative Verb-Second
|
Yes |
Lotte Hendriks |
|
 |
Words: (*) Wie eet elke dag een appel? Gloss: Who eats every day an apple Translation: “Who eats an apple every day?” Comment: For most speakers of Dutch this sentence is ill formed, ‘er’ needs to be included in this context, and for others ‘er’ seems to be optional. Contributor: Lotte Hendriks |
|
|
|
Words: Wie eet er elke dag een appel? Gloss: Who eats there every day an apple Translation: “Who eats an apple every day?” Comment: For most speakers of Dutch ‘er’ is obligatory in this context, for others ‘er’ seems to be optional. Contributor: Lotte Hendriks |
|
|
|
Words: Hoe-veel appels eet Jan elke dag? Gloss: How-many apples eats John every day Translation: “How many apples does John eat every day?” Contributor: Lotte Hendriks |
|
|
|
Words: Waarom eet Jan elke dag een appel? Gloss: Why eats John every day an apple Translation: “Why does John eat an apple every day?” Contributor: Lotte Hendriks |
|
|
|
Words: * Waarom wie eet een appel? Gloss: Why who eats an apple Translation: “Why who eats an apple?” (* means ungrammatical) Contributor: Lotte Hendriks |
|
|
|
Words: * Waarom Jan / hij / ‘k eet elke dag een appel? Gloss: Why John / he / I eat every day an apple Translation: “Why does John / he / I eat(s) an apple every day?” (* Means ungrammatical) Comment: The finite verb must immediately follow the wh-phrase; neither subject clitics nor object clitics are possible. Contributor: Lotte Hendriks |
|
|
|
+
w01a_Indef mass Ns in O position: can be bare
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Words: Ik heb vandaag kaas en wijn gekocht Gloss: I have today cheese and wine bought Translation: I bought cheese and wine today Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
w01b_Indef mass Ns in O position: must have an article
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
+
w01c_Indef mass Ns in O position: can have an article
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Words: *Ik heb van (de) kaas gekocht/ Ik heb wat kaas gekocht Gloss: *I have of (the) cheese bought/ I have what cheese bought Translation: I bought some cheese Comment: The unstressed indeterminate wh-word "wat", "what" can combine with mass nouns; wat does not qualify as an indefinite article. Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
Words: *Ik heb vandaag van de kaas en wijn gekocht/ Ik heb vandaag wat kaas en wijn gekocht Gloss: *I have today of the cheese and wine bought/ I have today what cheese and wine bought Translation: I bought some cheese and wine today Comment: The indeterminate unstressed wh-word "wat" (what) is not an indefinite or a partitive article. Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
Words: ??Ik heb iets kaas gekocht: Gloss: I have IETS cheese bought. Comment: iets (something) is not quite good with (mass) nouns for me in past tense sentences (but seems fine in downward entailing contexts). ng . Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
+
w02a_Def mass Ns in O position: can be bare
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Words: a. *Ik heb kaas maar eventjes in de ijskast gelegd/ / b.Ik heb maar eventjes kaas in de ijskast gelegd Gloss: I have cheese PART PART in the fridge put/ I have PART PART cheese in the fridge put/ Translation: intended: I have put the cheese in the fridge Comment: Definite mass nouns in object must have a definite article. Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
+
w02b_Def mass Ns in O position: must have an article
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Words: Ik heb de kaas maar eventjes in de ijskast gelegd. Gloss: I have the cheese PART PART in the fridge put Translation: (I went ahead and) I put the cheese in the fridge Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
w02c_Def mass Ns in O position: can have an article
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
+
w03a_Indef sing count Ns in O position: can be bare
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Words: *Marie kan in vijf minuten fiets verkopen. Gloss: Mary can in 5 minutes bike sell.INF Translation: intended: Mary can sell a bike in five minutes Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
+
w03b_Indef sing count Ns in O position: must have an article
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Words: Marie kan in vijf minuten een fiets verkopen Gloss: Mary can in 5 minutes a bike sell Translation: Mary can sell a bike in five minutes Comment: The indefinite article is reduced and unstressed [schwa n]. It is related to the numeral one /e:n/ which bears stress Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
w03c_Indef sing count Ns in O position: can have an article
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
+
w03d_Indef sing count Ns in O position: can have a plural reading
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Words: * Marie kan in vijf minuten (een) fiets verkopen. Gloss: Mary can in 5 minutes (a) bike sell Translation: intended: Mary can sell bikes in 5 minutes Comment: an indefinite sing count noun in O cannot have a plural reading. Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
w04a_Def sing count Ns in O position: can be bare
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
+
w04b_Def sing count Ns in O position: must have an article
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Words: Mary kan vast de fiets in vijf minuten aan iemand verkopen Gloss: May can surely the bike in five minutes to someone sell Translation: Mary can surely sell in the bike to someone in five minutes Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
w04c_Def sing count Ns in O position: can have an article
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
+
w05a_Indef pl count Ns in O position: can be bare
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Words: Marie kan goed fietsen opknappen Gloss: Mary can well bike.PL fix Translation: May can fix bikes Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
w05b_Indef pl count Ns in O position: must have an article
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
+
w05c_Indef pl count Ns in O position: can have an article
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Words: *Marie kan van de fietsen opknappen Gloss: Mary can of the bikes fix Translation: intended: Mary can fix bikes Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
w06a_Def pl count Ns in O position: can be bare
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
+
w06b_Def pl count Ns in O position: must have an article
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Words: Marie kan de fietsen wel eventjes voor je opknappen. Gloss: Mary can the bikes POL PART for you fix up. Translation: Mary can fix the bikes. (approx. translation: Mary can probably fix the bikes for you quickly. The positive polarity particle (wel) and eventjes (little whiles) are difficult to translate.) Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
w06c_Def pl count Ns in O position: can have an article
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
+
w07_a: Nouns with (intrinsically) unique referents in object position can be bare
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Words: * Ik heb gisteren maan gezien Gloss: I have yesterday moon seen Translation: (attempted): I saw the moon yesterday Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
+
w07_b Nouns with (intrinsically) unique referents in object position must have an article
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Words: ik heb gisteren de maan gezien Gloss: I have yesterday the moon seen Translation: I saw the moon yesterday Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
w07_c Nouns with (intrinsically) unique referents in object position can have an article
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
w07_d Nouns with (intrinsically) unique referents in object position must have a 'special article'
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
+
w08a Proper names in object position can be bare
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
Words: Ik heb Marie gisteren ontmoet Gloss: I have Mary yesterday met Translation: I met Marie yesterday Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
w08b Proper names in object position must have an article
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
w08c Proper names in object position can have an article
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
w08d Proper names in object position must have a "special" article
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
w09a Order Art-PN in object position
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
w09b Order PN-Art in object position
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
w10a Proper names modified by an adjective in object position can be bare
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
w10b Proper names modified by an adjective in object position must have an article in object position
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
w10c Proper names modified by an adjective in object position can have an article
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
w11a Order A--PN in object position
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
w11b Order PN--A in object position
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
w12a Order Definite Article – Noun with mass nouns in object position
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
w12b Order Noun–Definite Article with mass nouns in object position
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
w12c Order Definite Article–Noun with singular count nouns in object position
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
w12d Order Noun-Definite Article with singular count nouns in object position
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
w12e Order Definite Article–Noun with plural nouns in object position
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
w12f Order Noun–Definite Article with plural nouns in object position
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
w20a Singular count nouns in vocative phrases can be bare
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
w20b Singular count nouns in vocative phrases must have an article
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
w20c Singular count nouns in vocative phrases can have an article
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
W20d Singular count nouns in vocative phrases must have a special vocative marker
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
w20e Singular count nouns in vocative phrases can have a special vocative marker
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
w21a Proper names in vocative phrases can be bare
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
w21b Proper names in vocative phrases must have an article
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
w21c Proper names in vocative phrases can have an article
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
w21d Proper names in vocative phrases must have a special vocative marker
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
w21e Proper names in vocative phrases can have a special vocative marker
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
w22a Plural (count) nouns in vocative phrases can be bare
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
w22b Plural (count) nouns in vocative phrases must have an article
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
w22c Plural (count) nouns in vocative phrases can have an article
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
w22d Plural (count) nuns in vocative phrases must have a special vocative marker
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |
w22e Plural (count) nouns in vocative phrases can have a special vocative marker
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
 |