| Properties |
Values |
Contributor |
Comments |
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01_Subject Verb
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Yes |
Anders Holmberg |
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Words: Juna tule-e Gloss: train.NOM come-PRS.3SG Translation: The train is coming. Contributor: Anders Holmberg |
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02_Verb Subject
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Yes |
Anders Holmberg |
Possible chiefly with verbs of occurrence/appearance. |
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03_Verb Object
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Yes |
Anders Holmberg |
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Words: On sattunut onnettomuus. Gloss: is happened accident.NOM Translation: There has been an accident. Comment: Possible chiefly with verbs of occurrence/appearance. Contributor: Anders Holmberg |
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Words: Anna juo kahvi-a. Gloss: Anna drink.PRS.3SG coffee-PART Translation: Anna drinks/is drinking coffee. Contributor: Anders Holmberg |
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04_Object Verb
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
Possible if the sentence has an initial focused constituent. |
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05_Subject Verb Object
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Yes |
Anders Holmberg |
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Words: Anna juo kahvi-a. Gloss: Anna drink.PRS.3SG coffee-PART Translation: Anna drinks/is drinking coffee. Contributor: Anders Holmberg |
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06_Subject Object Verb
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
Possible if the sentence has an initial focused constituent. |
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Comment: Possible if the sentence has an initial focused constituent. Contributor: Anders Holmberg |
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07_Verb Subject Object
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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08_Verb Object Subject
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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09_Object Subject Verb
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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10_Object Verb Subject
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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11_Adposition Noun_Phrase
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Yes |
Anders Holmberg |
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Words: kohti talo-a Gloss: towards house-PART Translation: towards the/a house Comment: There are both postpositions and prepositions. The prepositions are few (about ten). They can all alternatively follow the noun. Most of them take a complement noun with partitive case, while the 'pure' postpositions are constructed with a noun in genitive case. Contributor: Anders Holmberg |
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12_Noun_Phrase Adposition
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Yes |
Anders Holmberg |
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Words: talo-n alla Gloss: house-GEN under Translation: under the/a house Comment: Postpositions are noun-like. They are constructed with a genitive complement in a structure which looks like a Possessor-Noun structure. Contributor: Anders Holmberg |
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13_Adjective Noun
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Yes |
Anders Holmberg |
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Words: iso talo Gloss: big house Translation: big house Contributor: Anders Holmberg |
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14_Noun Adjective
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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15_Numeral Noun
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Yes |
Anders Holmberg |
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16_Noun Numeral
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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17_Demonstrative Noun
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Yes |
Anders Holmberg |
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18_Noun Demonstrative
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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19_Possessor Noun
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Yes |
Anders Holmberg |
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20_Noun Possessor
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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21_Pronominal Possessor Noun
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Yes |
Anders Holmberg |
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Words: minu-n talo-ni Gloss: 1SG-GEN house-1SG.POSS Translation: my house Contributor: Anders Holmberg |
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22_Noun Pronominal Possessor
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Yes |
Anders Holmberg |
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Words: talo-ni Gloss: house-1SG.POSS Translation: my house Comment: The pronominal possessor is a clitic/inflection. Contributor: Anders Holmberg |
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A 01_Attributive Adjective Agreement
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Yes |
Anders Holmberg |
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Words: iso-t talo-t Gloss: big-PL house-PL Translation: (the) big houses Contributor: Anders Holmberg |
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Words: iso-ssa talo-ssa Gloss: big-INESS house-INESS Translation: in the/a big house Contributor: Anders Holmberg |
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A 02_Predicate Adjective Agreement
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Yes |
Anders Holmberg |
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Words: Talo-t ovat iso-t. Gloss: house-NOM.PL are big-NOM.PL Translation: The houses are big. Contributor: Anders Holmberg |
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A 03_Degree Adjective
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Yes |
Anders Holmberg |
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Words: aika iso Gloss: quite big Translation: quite big Contributor: Anders Holmberg |
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A 04_Adjective Degree
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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AuxSel 01_Auxiliary Selection
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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C 01_Complementizer Clause
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Yes |
Anders Holmberg |
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Words: Hyvää että lapset tulivat kotiin. Gloss: good that children came home Translation: Good that the children came home. Contributor: Anders Holmberg |
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C 02_Clause Complementizer
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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C 03_Adverbial_Subordinator Clause
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Yes |
Anders Holmberg |
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Words: Oli kivaa uida vaikka vesi oli kylmä Gloss: was nice swim although water was cold Translation: It was nice to swim although the water was cold Contributor: Anders Holmberg |
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C 04_Clause Adverbial Subordinator
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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Extra Examples
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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N2 01_Numeral Noun (indefinite)
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Yes |
Anders Holmberg |
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Words: kolme taloa Gloss: three house-PART Translation: three houses Comment: From two up the head noun is partitive singular. Contributor: Anders Holmberg |
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N2 02_Noun Numeral (indefinite)
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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N2 03_Numeral Noun (definite)
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Yes |
Anders Holmberg |
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Words: ne kolme taloa Gloss: the/those three house-PART Translation: the three houses Comment: Some specification is required for a definite reading, such as the demonstrative ne (neutral between distal/proximate and used 'almost like a definite article'). Contributor: Anders Holmberg |
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N2 04_Noun Numeral (definite)
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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N2 05_Definite NP (Num N, N Num) has a definite article
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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N2 06_Definite NP (Num N, N Num) has a demonstrative
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Yes |
Anders Holmberg |
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N2 07_Definite NP (Num N, N Num) lacks a definite article or demonstrative
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Yes |
Anders Holmberg |
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N2 08_Definite NP (Num N, N Num) contains a Plural marker, but Indefinite NP does not
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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N2 09_Definite NP (Num N, N Num) contains any other marking
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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N2 10_The Numeral has a different form in Definite and Indefinite (Num N, N Num) contexts
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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N2 11_The Noun has a different form in Definite and Indefinite (Num N, N Num) contexts
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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Neg 01_Standard Negation is Particle that Precedes the Verb
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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Neg 02_Standard Negation is Particle that Follows the verb
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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Neg 03_Standard Negation is Prefix
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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Neg 04_Standard Negation is Suffix
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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Neg 05_Standard Negation is Negative Auxiliary verb
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Yes |
Anders Holmberg |
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Words: Minä e-n juo-0 kahvia. Minä e-n juo-nut kahvia Gloss: I.NOM NEG-1SG drink coffee. I.NOM NEG-1SG drink-PST.PTCP coffee Translation: I don't drink coffee. I didn't drink coffee. Comment: In the past tense, the main verb has the PST PRTC form. In the present it looks like the present tense stem, but actually ends in a null consonant (taking the value of the following consonant or else is a glottal stop). Contributor: Anders Holmberg |
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Neg 06_Standard Negation is Higher verb
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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Neg 07_Standard Negation is Tone
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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Neg 08_Standard Negation is Tone plus Other Modification
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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Neg 09_Standard Negation is Reduplication
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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Neg 10_Standard Negation is Infix
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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Neg 11_Distinct Negation of Class/Property
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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Neg 12_Distinct Negation of identity
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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Neg 13_Distinct Negation of Existence
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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Neg 14_Distinct Negation of Location
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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Order N3 01_ Demonstrative Adjective Noun
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Yes |
Anders Holmberg |
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Words: tuo uusi talo Gloss: that new house Translation: that new house Contributor: Anders Holmberg |
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Order N3 02_Demonstrative Noun Adjective
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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Order N3 03_ Noun Adjective Demonstrative
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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Order N3 04_Noun Demonstrative Adjective
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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Order N3 05_Adjective Demonstrative Noun
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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Order N3 06_Adjective Noun Demonstrative
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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Order N3 07_Demonstrative Numeral Noun
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Yes |
Anders Holmberg |
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Words: nämä kolme taloa Gloss: these three house-PART Translation: these three houses Comment: From two up the head noun is partitive singular. Contributor: Anders Holmberg |
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Order N3 08_Demonstrative Noun Numeral
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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Order N3 09_ Noun Numeral Demonstrative
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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Order N3 10_Noun Demonstrative Numeral
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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Order N3 11_Numeral Demonstrative Noun
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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Order N3 12_Numeral Noun Demonstrative
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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Q01_Initial polar Q-marker
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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Q02_Final polar Q-marker
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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Q03_Clause internal polar Q-marker
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Yes |
Anders Holmberg |
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Q04_Polar question by intonation
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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Q05_Polar question by V-fronting
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Yes |
Anders Holmberg |
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Q06_Polar question by Auxiliary-fronting
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Yes |
Anders Holmberg |
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Q07_Q-marker follows narrow focus
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Yes |
Anders Holmberg |
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Q08_Affirmative answer by particle
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Yes |
Anders Holmberg |
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Q09_Affirmative answer by verb
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Yes |
Anders Holmberg |
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Words: Tuli-ko Anna? Tuli. Gloss: came-Q Anna? came Translation: Did Anna come? Yes. Contributor: Anders Holmberg |
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Q10_Affirmative answer by auxiliary
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Yes |
Anders Holmberg |
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Words: On-ko Anna tullut? On. Gloss: is-Q Anna come? is Translation: Has Anna come? Yes. Contributor: Anders Holmberg |
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Q11_Affirmative answer by auxiliary and verb
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Yes |
Anders Holmberg |
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Words: On-ko Anna tullut? On tullut. Gloss: is-Q Anna come? is come Translation: Has Anna come? Yes. Contributor: Anders Holmberg |
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Q12_Affirmative answer by particle and verb
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Yes |
Anders Holmberg |
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Words: Tuli-ko Anna? Kyllä tuli. Gloss: came-Q Anna? yes came Translation: Did Anna come? Yes she did. Comment: kyllä has other meanings/uses, as well : indeed, certainly, actually Contributor: Anders Holmberg |
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Q13_Affirmative answer by predicative 'be'
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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Q14_Verb answer to indefinite subject question
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Yes |
Anders Holmberg |
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Q15_Particle-and-verb answer to indefinite subject question
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Yes |
Anders Holmberg |
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Words: Tuli-ko kukaan? Kyllä tuli. Gloss: came-Q anyone? Yes came Translation: Did anyone come? Yes. Contributor: Anders Holmberg |
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Q16NEGA_Negative answer by special negative particle
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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Q17NEGA_Negative answer by bare sentential negation
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Yes |
Anders Holmberg |
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Words: Tulee-ko Anna? Ei Gloss: NEG-2SG-Q you come? NEG-3SG Translation: Is Anna coming? No. Contributor: Anders Holmberg |
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Q18NEGA_Negative answer by sentential negation plus bare verb
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Yes |
Anders Holmberg |
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Q19ANegQ_Truth-based confirmation
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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Q20ANegQ_Polarity-based confirmation
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Yes |
Anders Holmberg |
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Q21ANegQ_Polarity-reversing particle
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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Q22ANegQ_Polarity-reversing answer by affirmative and special particle
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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V2 01_Declarative Verb-Second
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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V2 02_Interrogative Verb-Second
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No |
Anders Holmberg |
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