| Properties |
Values |
Contributor |
Comments |
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01_Subject Verb
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Yes |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
Order in neutral clauses |
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Words: àsíbá wá Gloss: Asiba come Translation: Asiba came Contributor: Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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02_Verb Subject
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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03_Verb Object
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Yes |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Words: nù sìn, é ná kpóntè Gloss: drink water 3sg fut better Translation: Drink some water, you will get better Contributor: Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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04_Object Verb
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Yes |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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05_Subject Verb Object
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Yes |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Words: àsíbá nù sìn Gloss: Asiba drink water Translation: Asiba drank some water Contributor: Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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06_Subject Object Verb
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Yes |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Words: àsíbá jε sìn nù jí Gloss: Asiba start water drink top Translation: Asiba started drinking water Comment: OV structures usually require a sentence-final particle as the particle ‘top’ here. Contributor: Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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07_Verb Subject Object
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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08_Verb Object Subject
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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09_Object Subject Verb
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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10_Object Verb Subject
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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11_Adposition Noun_Phrase
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Yes |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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12_Noun_Phrase Adposition
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Yes |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Words: ùn nyìn àwù xlán távò jí Gloss: 1sg throw shirt Prep table top Translation: I threw the shirt on the table Contributor: Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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13_Adjective Noun
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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14_Noun Adjective
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Yes |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Words: àwù yù Gloss: shirt black Translation: the/a black shirt Contributor: Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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15_Numeral Noun
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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16_Noun Numeral
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Yes |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Words: àwù àwè Gloss: shirt two Translation: two shirts Contributor: Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Words: Wémà ɛ̀nɛ̀ lɛ́ ( lɔ́ ) kò wá Gloss: letter four PL (Det) already come Translation: The four letters (in question) already arrived.' Comment: The "Det" ( lɔ́ ) is optional in this context. Its presence requires familiarity of the speaker and addressee; and seems to indicate that the speaker says something “noteworthy” about them. Note the plural here is obligatory in the definite context (but not in the indefinite. In Gbe, bare nouns could be interpreted as (in)definite depending on context. Contributor: Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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17_Demonstrative Noun
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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18_Noun Demonstrative
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Yes |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Words: àwù éhè Gloss: shirt this Translation: this shirt Contributor: Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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19_Possessor Noun
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Yes |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Words: àsíbá sín àwù Gloss: asiba Poss shirt Translation: Asiba's shirt Contributor: Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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20_Noun Possessor
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Yes |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Words: àwù àsíbá tɔ́n Gloss: shirt asiba Poss Translation: A/the shirt of Aba's Contributor: Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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21_Pronominal Possessor Noun
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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22_Noun Pronominal Possessor
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Yes |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Words: àwù cè Gloss: shirt 1sgPoss Translation: my shirt Contributor: Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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A 01_Attributive Adjective Agreement
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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A 02_Predicate Adjective Agreement
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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A 03_Degree Adjective
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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A 04_Adjective Degree
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Yes |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Words: àwù yù crúcrú Gloss: shirt black dark Translation: a very black shirt Contributor: Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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AuxSel 01_Auxiliary Selection
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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C 01_Complementizer Clause
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Yes |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Words: ùn lìn ɖɔ̀ àsíbá ná dà mì Gloss: 1sg.nom think that Asiba Fut marry 1sg.Acc Translation: 1sg.nom think that Asiba Fut marry 1sg.Acc Contributor: Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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C 02_Clause Complementizer
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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C 03_Adverbial_Subordinator Clause
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Yes |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Words: ní à lìn ɖɔ̀ àsíbá ná dà mì bé à má bí kpálí Gloss: if 2sg think that Asiba Fut marry 1sg.Acc then 2sg Neg smart at.all Translation: If you think that Asiba will marry me, then you are really not smart. Contributor: Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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C 04_Clause Adverbial Subordinator
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Extra Examples
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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N2 01_Numeral Noun (indefinite)
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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N2 02_Noun Numeral (indefinite)
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Yes |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Words: Kpɔ́n! vì àwè tò àlìò (lɔ́ ) jí Gloss: look child two LOC road DET on Translation: 'Look! There are two children on the road.' Contributor: Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Words: Kpɔ́n! vì àwè tò àlìò (lɔ́ ) jí Gloss: Look child two LOC road DET on Translation: Look! There are two children on the road.' Comment: The DET lɔ́ following road is optional in this sentence. Contributor: Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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N2 03_Numeral Noun (definite)
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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N2 04_Noun Numeral (definite)
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Yes |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Words: Wémà ɛ̀nɛ̀ lɛ́ ( lɔ́ ) kò wá Gloss: Letter four PL (Det) already come Translation: 'The four letters already arrived.' Contributor: Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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N2 05_Definite NP (Num N, N Num) has a definite article
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Yes |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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N2 06_Definite NP (Num N, N Num) has a demonstrative
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Yes |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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N2 07_Definite NP (Num N, N Num) lacks a definite article or demonstrative
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Yes |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Words: ùn zO àsíbá xlán àxìmɛ́ Gloss: 1sg order Asiba Prep market Translation: I sent Asiba to the market Comment: This is an additional example, in which there is no numeral (and hence no (obligatory definite) plural either. In this context “market” is definite. It is important that such definites need not be locatives or in complement positions. Bare nouns can be interpreted as (in)definite in all argument positions.. Contributor: Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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N2 08_Definite NP (Num N, N Num) contains a Plural marker, but Indefinite NP does not
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Yes |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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N2 09_Definite NP (Num N, N Num) contains any other marking
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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N2 10_The Numeral has a different form in Definite and Indefinite (Num N, N Num) contexts
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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N2 11_The Noun has a different form in Definite and Indefinite (Num N, N Num) contexts
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Neg 01_Standard Negation is Particle that Precedes the Verb
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Yes |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Words: ní à lìn ɖɔ̀ àsíbá ná dà mì bé à má bí kpálí Gloss: if 2sg think that Asiba Fut marry 1sg.Acc then 2sg Neg smart at.all Translation: If you think that Asiba will marry me, then you are really not smart. Contributor: Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Neg 02_Standard Negation is Particle that Follows the verb
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Neg 03_Standard Negation is Prefix
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Neg 04_Standard Negation is Suffix
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Neg 05_Standard Negation is Negative Auxiliary verb
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Neg 06_Standard Negation is Higher verb
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Yes |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Neg 07_Standard Negation is Tone
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Neg 08_Standard Negation is Tone plus Other Modification
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Neg 09_Standard Negation is Reduplication
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Neg 10_Standard Negation is Infix
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Neg 11_Distinct Negation of Class/Property
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Neg 12_Distinct Negation of identity
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Neg 13_Distinct Negation of Existence
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Neg 14_Distinct Negation of Location
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Order N3 01_ Demonstrative Adjective Noun
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Order N3 02_Demonstrative Noun Adjective
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Order N3 03_ Noun Adjective Demonstrative
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Yes |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Words: távò dàxó éhè Gloss: table big this Translation: this big table Contributor: Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Words: távò dàxó éhè Gloss: table big this Translation: This big table Contributor: Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Order N3 04_Noun Demonstrative Adjective
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Order N3 05_Adjective Demonstrative Noun
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Order N3 06_Adjective Noun Demonstrative
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Order N3 07_Demonstrative Numeral Noun
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Order N3 08_Demonstrative Noun Numeral
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Order N3 09_ Noun Numeral Demonstrative
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Yes |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Order N3 10_Noun Demonstrative Numeral
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Order N3 11_Numeral Demonstrative Noun
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Order N3 12_Numeral Noun Demonstrative
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Q01_Initial polar Q-marker
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Q02_Final polar Q-marker
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Yes |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Words: àsíbá wá ̀ Gloss: asiba came Q Translation: Did Asiwa come Comment: Yes-no questions are marked by low tone Contributor: Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Q03_Clause internal polar Q-marker
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Q04_Polar question by intonation
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Q05_Polar question by V-fronting
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Q06_Polar question by Auxiliary-fronting
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Q07_Q-marker follows narrow focus
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Q08_Affirmative answer by particle
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Yes |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Words: A. àsíbá wá ̀ ? B. n Translation: A:Did Asiba come? B: Yes. Contributor: Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Q09_Affirmative answer by verb
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Q10_Affirmative answer by auxiliary
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Q11_Affirmative answer by auxiliary and verb
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Q12_Affirmative answer by particle and verb
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Q13_Affirmative answer by predicative 'be'
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Q14_Verb answer to indefinite subject question
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Q15_Particle-and-verb answer to indefinite subject question
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Q16NEGA_Negative answer by special negative particle
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Yes |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Words: A. àsíbá wá ̀ ? B. èhéò Gloss: A. asiba come Q B: no Translation: A. Did Asiba come? B: no Contributor: Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Q17NEGA_Negative answer by bare sentential negation
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Q18NEGA_Negative answer by sentential negation plus bare verb
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Q19ANegQ_Truth-based confirmation
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Q20ANegQ_Polarity-based confirmation
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Q21ANegQ_Polarity-reversing particle
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Q22ANegQ_Polarity-reversing answer by affirmative and special particle
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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V2 01_Declarative Verb-Second
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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V2 02_Interrogative Verb-Second
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No |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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