| Properties |
Values |
Contributor |
Comments |
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01_Subject Verb
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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02_Verb Subject
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Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
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03_Verb Object
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Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
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Words: ayieu enkalem kiti Gloss: 1S.want SG.FEM.knife.ACC small(fem).ACC Translation: I want the/a small knife Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
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04_Object Verb
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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05_Subject Verb Object
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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06_Subject Object Verb
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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07_Verb Subject Object
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Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
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08_Verb Object Subject
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Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
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09_Object Subject Verb
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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10_Object Verb Subject
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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11_Adposition Noun_Phrase
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Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
There is a single generalized P |
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Words: t-oo l-ayiok Gloss: P-PL.MS D.PL.boy.PL.NOM Translation: (with, for, by, at, etc.) the boys Comment: t- is an all purpose P, followed by an agreement marker, with common noun objects. (agreement with the prepositional object in number and gender) . The preposiitonal object itself carries nominative case, expressed as a tonal pattern (prefix/suffix); The form is te/ti before proper nouns/pronouns/nouns without gender prefix. (Tucker Mpaayei, p. 42) Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
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12_Noun_Phrase Adposition
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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13_Adjective Noun
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Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
Two As, kiti (small) and kuti (few) can precede or follow the N. No other adjectives can precede the N. The word for 'other' can only precede N, but does not look like an A . |
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Words: ayieu en-kiti alem (or: ayieu enk-alem kiti) Gloss: 1S.want SG.FEM-small knife (or 1A.want SG.FEM knife small) Translation: I want the small knife Comment: One A root (ki.ti 'fem.sg-small, young' and o-ti 'ms.sg-small' and ku-ti 'pl.few, a little' can either precede or follow N (yielding ART A N or Art N A) Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
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14_Noun Adjective
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Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
two kinds of adjectives; 1. carry nominal inflectional morphology, 2. verbal morphology |
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15_Numeral Noun
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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16_Noun Numeral
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Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
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17_Demonstrative Noun
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Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
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Words: ena alem// enda alem// ele ayioni //ene wueji// ku-lo ayiok Gloss: this knife//that knife// this boy.sg//this place//these boys Translation: this knife//this boy.sg//this place//these boys Comment: demonstratives seem to be composed of an article like element (sg/plural), encoding gender (n(fem, l ms), followed by Demonstrative root (n)a, (n)da, (n)e. Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
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18_Noun Demonstrative
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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19_Possessor Noun
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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20_Noun Possessor
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Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
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21_Pronominal Possessor Noun
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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22_Noun Pronominal Possessor
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Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
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A 01_Attributive Adjective Agreement
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Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
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Words: aa-dol ol-bitir ngiro Gloss: 3s.1O.see SG.MS-pig.SG.NOM brown.NOM.SG Translation: The bown pig sees me (Mpaayei and Tucker, p.191) Comment: adjective agrees in case and number with N. Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
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A 02_Predicate Adjective Agreement
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Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
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Words: torrono emuny Gloss: bad.acc.sg sg.fem.rhino.nom Translation: lit. A rhino is (in general) bad. Rhinos are mean. Comment: when used predicatively the case form (realized as a tonal pattern) is the unmarked accusative. This sentence can only have a generic reading. Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
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AuxSel 01_Auxiliary Selection
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NA |
Hilda Koopman |
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C 01_Complementizer Clause
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Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
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Words: eyeu naleng nelo Gloss: 3s.want a.lot C-3s. go Translation: He really wants to go He very much wants to go Comment: n marks a subjunctive clause. Clausal complements of verbs of saying of thinking do not need to be introduced by a complementizer. The form a.jo (inf.sg.say) can introduce indirect speech, or direct speech. n.cere can introduce clausal complements of verbs like read, write Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
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C 02_Clause Complementizer
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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C 03_Adverbial_Subordinator Clause
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Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
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Words: a-ewuo pee a-dol Gloss: 1s-came-PERF in.order 1s-see (him) Translation: I came in order to see him Comment: pee is optional in this particular example. 3rd person object is silent. pro drop of third person object Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
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C 04_Clause Adverbial Subordinator
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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Extra Examples
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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N2 01_Numeral Noun (indefinite)
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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N2 02_Noun Numeral (indefinite)
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Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
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N2 03_Numeral Noun (definite)
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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N2 04_Noun Numeral (definite)
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Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
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N2 08_Definite NP (Num N, N Num) contains a Plural marker, but Indefinite NP does not
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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N2 09_Definite NP (Num N, N Num) contains any other marking
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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N2 10_The Numeral has a different form in Definite and Indefinite (Num N, N Num) contexts
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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N2 11_The Noun has a different form in Definite and Indefinite (Num N, N Num) contexts
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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Neg 01_Standard Negation is Particle that Precedes the Verb
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Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
In the present a prefix/particle m(I) precedes the present tensed verb (SA/O-V-appl)... |
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Neg 02_Standard Negation is Particle that Follows the verb
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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Neg 03_Standard Negation is Prefix
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Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
It difficult to determine if negation of the present is a prefix or a particle. |
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Neg 04_Standard Negation is Suffix
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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Neg 05_Standard Negation is Negative Auxiliary verb
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Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
For the Past and n-tense: an indiclinable auxiliary (eitu) occurs, which precedes the present tense form. (Tucker and Mpaayei, p.67.). |
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Neg 06_Standard Negation is Higher verb
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Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
the past tense uses an invariant verbal form/auxiliary taking the present tense form as its complement. This verb/auxiliary has invariant 3rd person inflection. |
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Neg 07_Standard Negation is Tone
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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Neg 08_Standard Negation is Tone plus Other Modification
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Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
many forms of negation contain a high tone (exception: negation of present present tense) |
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Neg 09_Standard Negation is Reduplication
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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Neg 10_Standard Negation is Infix
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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Neg 11_Distinct Negation of Class/Property
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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Neg 12_Distinct Negation of identity
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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Neg 13_Distinct Negation of Existence
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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Neg 14_Distinct Negation of Location
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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Order N3 01_ Demonstrative Adjective Noun
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Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
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Words: Toriko ena kɨtɨ kerai! Gloss: Take this small child! Translation: Take this small child! Comment: from: http://pages.uoregon.edu/maasai/Maa%20Lexicon/lexicon/main.htm Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
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Order N3 02_Demonstrative Noun Adjective
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Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
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Order N3 03_ Noun Adjective Demonstrative
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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Order N3 04_Noun Demonstrative Adjective
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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Order N3 05_Adjective Demonstrative Noun
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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Order N3 06_Adjective Noun Demonstrative
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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Order N3 07_Demonstrative Numeral Noun
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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Order N3 08_Demonstrative Noun Numeral
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Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
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Order N3 09_ Noun Numeral Demonstrative
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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Order N3 10_Noun Demonstrative Numeral
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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Order N3 11_Numeral Demonstrative Noun
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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Order N3 12_Numeral Noun Demonstrative
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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Q01_Initial polar Q-marker
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Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
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Q02_Final polar Q-marker
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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Q03_Clause internal polar Q-marker
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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Q05_Polar question by V-fronting
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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Q06_Polar question by Auxiliary-fronting
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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Q08_Affirmative answer by particle
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Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
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Q09_Affirmative answer by verb
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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Q10_Affirmative answer by auxiliary
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Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
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Q11_Affirmative answer by auxiliary and verb
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Not Yet Set |
Hilda Koopman |
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Q12_Affirmative answer by particle and verb
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Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
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Q16NEGA_Negative answer by special negative particle
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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Q17NEGA_Negative answer by bare sentential negation
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Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
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Q18NEGA_Negative answer by sentential negation plus bare verb
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Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
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V2 01_Declarative Verb-Second
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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V2 02_Interrogative Verb-Second
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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