Spanish

  Words: María regresó
  Gloss: M. return.PST.3SG
  Translation: María came back
  Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas

  Words: Desapareció mi cartera
  Gloss: dissapear.PST.3SG my wallet
  Translation: My wallet dissapeared
  Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas

  Words: Juan limpió el espejo
  Gloss: J. clean.PST.3SG the.M mirror
  Translation: Juan cleaned the mirror
  Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas

  Words: *El espejo limpió
  Gloss: the.M mirror clean.PST.3SG
  Translation: Intended: He cleaned the mirror
  Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas

  Words: Juan limpió el espejo
  Gloss: J. clean.PST.3SG the.M mirror
  Translation: Juan cleaned the mirror
  Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas

  Words: *Juan el espejo limpió
  Gloss: J. the.M mirror clean.PST.3SG
  Translation: Intended: Juan cleaned the mirror
  Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas

  Words: *Limpió Juan el espejo.
  Gloss: clean.PST.3SG Juan the.M mirror
  Translation: Intended: Juan cleaned the mirror
  Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas

  Words: *Limpió el espejo Juan
  Gloss: clean.PST.3SG the.M mirror J.
  Translation: Intended: Juan cleaned the mirror
  Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas

  Words: *El espejo Juan limpió
  Gloss: the.M mirror J. clean.PST.3SG
  Translation: Intended: 'Juan cleaned the mirror'
  Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas

  Words: *El espejo limpió Juan
  Gloss: the.M mirror clean.PST.3SG Juan
  Translation: Intended: 'Juan cleaned the mirror'
  Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas

  Words: El libro está sobre la mesa
  Gloss: the.M book be.PRS.3SG on the.F table
  Translation: The book is on the table
  Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas

  Words: *Bailamos la boda en
  Gloss: dance.PST.1PL the.F wedding at
  Translation: Intended: We danced at the wedding
  Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas

  Words: La antigua capital estaba en la costa.
  Gloss: the.F ancient.F capital be.PST.IMPF.3SG on the.F coast
  Translation: The former capital (city) was on the coast.
  Comment: The adjective 'antiguo' can mean 'former' if it is prenominal but 'ancient' if it occurs after the noun.
  Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas

  Words: El café caliente está sobre la mesa
  Gloss: the.M coffee hot be.PRS.3SG on the.F table
  Translation: The hot coffee is on the table
  Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas

  Words: Visitamos cuatro ciudades
  Gloss: visit.PST.1PL four city.PL
  Translation: We visited four cities
  Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas

  Words: *Visitamos ciudades cuatro
  Gloss: visit.PST.1PL city.PL four
  Translation: Intended: We visited four cities
  Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas

  Words: Visitamos esas ciudades
  Gloss: visit.PST.1PL that.F.PL city.PL
  Translation: We visited those cities
  Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas

  Words: *Leí novela esta
  Gloss: read.PST.1SG novel this.F
  Translation: Intended: I read this novel
  Comment: A demonstrative can occur after a noun with an adjectival function and in non-neutral contexts only: "Leí la novela esta". Such constructions always need a definite article and the demonstrative does not act as a determiner.
  Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas

  Words: *Fuimos a de María la boda
  Gloss: go.PST.1PL to of M. the.F wedding
  Translation: Intended: We danced at Maria's wedding
  Comment: Possessor Noun is only possible when the possessor is a pronoun.
  Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas

  Words: Bailamos en la boda de María
  Gloss: dance.PST.1PL at the.F wedding of M.
  Translation: We danced at Maria's wedding
  Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas

  Words: Mi casa
  Gloss: my-1SG.POSS house
  Translation: My house
  Contributor: Michael A. Estrada

  Words: Tengo un perro blanc-o
  Gloss: have.PRS.1SG a.M dog white.M
  Translation: I have a white dog
  Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas

  Words: Tengo dos gat-a-s blanc-a-s
  Gloss: have.1SG two cat-F-PL white-F-PL
  Translation: I have two white female cats
  Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas

  Words: María está enferm-a
  Gloss: M. be.PRS.3SG sick-F
  Translation: María is sick
  Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas

  Words: Juan está enferm-o
  Gloss: J. be.PRS.3SG sick-M
  Translation: Juan is sick
  Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas

  Words: Este libro está bien caro
  Gloss: this.M book be.PRS.3SG very expensive.M
  Translation: This book is very expensive
  Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas

  Words: *Este libro está caro bien
  Gloss: this.M book be.PRS.3SG expensive.M very
  Translation: Intended: This book is very expensive
  Comment: The degree word can ony precede the adjective (see Degree Adjective)
  Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas

  Words: Juan no ha llegado
  Gloss: J. NEG have.AUX.PRS.3SG arrive.PTCP
  Translation: John has not arrived
  Comment: All perfect past constructions use the auxiliary 'haber' (have).
  Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas

  Words: Juan no ha comido
  Gloss: J. NEG have.AUX.PRS.3SG eat.PTCP
  Translation: Juan has not eaten
  Comment: All perfect past constructions use the auxiliary 'haber' (have).
  Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas

  Words: Dije que [estaba enferma]
  Gloss: say.PST.1SG COMP be.PST.IMPF.1SG sick.F
  Translation: I said that I was sick
  Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas

  Words: *Dije [estaba enferma] que
  Gloss: say.PST.1SG be.PST.IMPF.1SG sick.F COMP
  Translation: Intended: I said that I was sick
  Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas

  Words: Vine porque me llamaron
  Gloss: come.PST.1SG because ACC.1SG call.PST.3PL
  Translation: I came because they called me
  Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas

  Words: Aunque no quieras venir, vendrás.
  Gloss: although not want.PRS.SBJVE.2SG come.INF, come.FUT.2SG
  Translation: Although you don't want to come, you will come
  Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas

  Words: *Vine me llamaron porque
  Gloss: come.PST.1SG ACC.1SG call.PST.3PL because
  Translation: Intended: I came because they called me
  Comment: the adverbial subordinator 'porque' cannot be postposed to the clause it introduces.
  Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas

  Words: *[No quieras venir] aunque, vendrás
  Gloss: NEG want.SBJVE.PRS.2SG come.INF although come.FUT.2SG
  Translation: Intended: Although you don't want to come, you will come.
  Comment: 'Aunque' ('although') is introducing the clause 'no quieras venir'. It can therefore only precede it (see Adverbial_Subordinator Clause)
  Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas

  Words: Visitamos esas extrañas ciudades
  Gloss: visit.PST.1PL that.F.PL strange.F.PL city.PL
  Translation: We visited those strange cities
  Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas

  Words: Leí esta novela corta
  Gloss: read.PST.1SG this.F novel short.F
  Translation: I read this short novel
  Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas

  Words: *Leí novela corta esta
  Gloss: read.PST.1SG novel short.F this.F
  Translation: Intended: I read this short novel
  Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas

  Words: la reacción desinteresada esta/esa en realidad era preocupante
  Gloss: the reaction disinterested this/that in fact was worrying
  Translation: this/that disinterested reaction was in fact worrying (Brugè 2002: 20)
  Comment: Non DP-initial demonstratives are attested in Spanish: el hombre este. Here, a definite article must always occur (*hombre este; * un hombre este). Sequences containing one or more adjectives and a non DP-initial demonstrative are also possible. Yet, there is no agreement in the literature (see for discussion: Bernstein 1993, 1997, 2001; Brugè 1995, 1996, 2000, 2002; Giusti 1993, 1997, 2002; Roca 1996) about the very nature of such constructions and their relation to the DP-initial ones (unmarked order).
  Contributor: Cristina Guardiano

  Words: el chico alto este/ese vive cerca de casa
  Gloss: the boy tall this/that lives near home
  Translation: his that tall boy lives near home
  Comment: Laura Brugè (2002) The position of demonstratives in the extended nominal projection. In: Cinque Guglielmo (ed), Functional structure in DP and IP: the catography of syntactic structures. Oxford: OUP, 15-53. Example: p. 20.
  Contributor: Cristina Guardiano

  Words: *Leí novela esta corta
  Gloss: read.PST.1SG novel this.F short.F
  Translation: Intended: I read this short novel
  Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas

  Words: *Leí corta esta novela
  Gloss: read.PST.1SG short.F this.F novel
  Translation: Intended: 'I read this short novel'
  Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas

  Words: el majo profesor alemano ese
  Gloss: the nice professor German that
  Translation: that nice German professor
  Comment: Non DP-initial demonstratives are attested in Spanish: el hombre este. Here, a definite article must always occur (*hombre este; * un hombre este). Sequences containing one or more adjectives and a non DP-initial demonstrative are also possible. Yet, there is no agreement in the literature (see for discussion: Bernstein 1993, 1997, 2001; Brugè 1995, 1996, 2000, 2002; Giusti 1993, 1997, 2002; Roca 1996) about the very nature of such constructions and their relation to the DP-initial ones (unmarked order).
  Contributor: Cristina Guardiano

  Words: el ultimo cuadro redondo este suyo
  Gloss: the last painting round this of his
  Translation: his last round painting
  Comment: Giuliana Giusti (2002) «The functional structure of noun phrases: a bare phrase structure approach». In: Cinque Guglielmo (ed), Functional structure in DP and IP: the catography of syntactic structures. Oxford, OUP, 54-90. Example on p. 71.
  Contributor: Cristina Guardiano

  Words: Bebes café cada mañana?
  Gloss: drink.PRES.2SG coffee every morning
  Translation: Do you drink coffee every morning?
  Comment: When the subject is an overt DP we find verb-subject inversion, e.g. '¿Bebe café Juan?’ (‘Does John drink coffee?). However, when the subject is null, intonation is the only distinction between a declarative and a question, e.g. 'Bebes café cada mañana' ('You drink coffee every morning') vs. 'Bebes café cada mañana?' ('Do you drink coffee every morning?')
  Contributor: Victoria Mateu

  Words: Bebe café Juan?
  Gloss: drink.PRES.3SG coffee the John
  Translation: Does John drink coffee?
  Comment: The declarative version would be 'Juan bebe café' ('John drinks coffee')
  Contributor: Victoria Mateu

  Comment: An intonational break is needed between the particle and the verb, e.g. ‘Subes? - Sí, subo’ (‘Are you going up? – Yes, I am’).
  Contributor: Victoria Mateu

  Comment: An intonational break as well as a second negative particle before the verb are needed, e.g. Conduces? – No, no conduzco (‘Do you drive? – No, I don’t‘). Conduces? – *No, conduzco / *No conduzco (‘Do you drive? – No, I don’t‘)
  Contributor: Victoria Mateu

  Words: *Juan observó luna
  Gloss: John observe.PST.3SG moon
  Translation: *John observed moon
  Contributor: Alejandro Rodriguez

  Words: Juan observó la luna
  Gloss: John observe.PST.3SG the.F moon
  Translation: John observed the moon
  Contributor: Alejandro Rodriguez

  Words: Leí Pablo Neruda en la clase de literatura española
  Gloss: read.PST.1SG P. N. in the.F class of literature Spanish
  Translation: I read Pablo Neruda in spanish literature class
  Comment: Only in the alternation that is visible with surnames of "distinguished" individuals
  Contributor: Alejandro Rodriguez

  Words: Conocí a Juan
  Gloss: met.PST.1SG to J.
  Translation: I met Juan
  Contributor: Alejandro Rodriguez

  Words: Allí viene la Maria
  Gloss: there come.PRSNT.3SG the M.
  Translation: There comes the Mary
  Comment: Only in sub-standard Spanish
  Contributor: Alejandro Rodriguez

  Words: *Conocí Juan a
  Gloss: met.PST.1SG J. to
  Translation: *I met John to
  Contributor: Alejandro Rodriguez

  Words: *Leí famoso Pablo Neruda en la clase de literatura española
  Gloss: read.PST.1SG famous P. N. in the.F class of literature Spanish
  Translation: *I read famous Pablo Neruda in spanish literature class
  Contributor: Alejandro Rodriguez

  Words: Ví a la pequeña Maria
  Gloss: See.PST.1SG to the.F little Mary
  Translation: I saw the little Mary
  Contributor: Alejandro Rodriguez

  Words: Ví a la hermosa Maria
  Gloss: See.PST.1SG to the.F beautiful Mary
  Translation: I saw the beautiful Mary
  Contributor: Alejandro Rodriguez

  Words: Ví a Maria hermosa
  Gloss: See.PST.1SG to Mary beautiful
  Translation: I saw Mary beautiful
  Contributor: Alejandro Rodriguez

  Words: ¡Pon la leche en el refrigerador!
  Gloss: Put.PRSNT.2SG the.F milk in the.M refrigerator!
  Translation: Put the milk in the refrigerator!
  Contributor: Alejandro Rodriguez

  Words: Conocí dos niños y una niña. Invité a la niña a la fiesta.
  Gloss: met.PST.1SG two boy.PL and a.F girl.SG invite.PST.1SG to the.F girl to the.F party.
  Translation: I met two boys and one girl. I invited the girl to the party
  Contributor: Alejandro Rodriguez

  Words: Conocí dos niños y una niña. Invité a los niños a la fiesta.
  Gloss: met.PST.1SG two boy.PL and a.F girl.SG invite.PST.1SG the.M boy.PL to the.F party.
  Translation: I met two boys and one girl. I invited the boys to the party
  Contributor: Alejandro Rodriguez