| Properties |
Values |
Contributor |
Comments |
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01_Subject Verb
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Yes |
fredrik heinat |
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Words: Hunden sover. Gloss: dog.DEF sleeps Translation: The dog is sleeping Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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02_Verb Subject
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Words: Nu sover hunden. Gloss: now sleeps dog.DEF Translation: Now the dog is sleeping Comment: Swedish has V2 properties in mainclauses - see the comment on German in the property definition Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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03_Verb Object
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Yes |
fredrik heinat |
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Words: Flickan äter en glass. Gloss: girl.DEF eats an ice-cream Translation: The girl is eating an ice-cream. Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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04_Object Verb
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Words: Tidningen läser jag varje dag. Gloss: newspaper.DEF read I every day Translation: I read the newspaper every day. Comment: Swedish allows topics in first position, before the finite verb. O-V is only possible in certain contexts. Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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05_Subject Verb Object
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Yes |
fredrik heinat |
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Words: Flickan äter en glass. Gloss: girl.DEF eats an ice-cream Translation: The girl is eating an ice-cream. Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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06_Subject Object Verb
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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07_Verb Subject Object
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Words: Nu äter flickan en glass. Gloss: now eats girl.DEF an ice-cream Translation: Now the girl is eating an ice-cream. Comment: Swedish has V2 properties in mainclauses - see the comment on German in the property definition Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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08_Verb Object Subject
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Words: *Nu äter glass flickan. Gloss: now eats ice-cream girl.DEF Translation: Now the girls is eating ice-cream. Comment: V O S in not possibe in neutral contexts. VP topicalization may give this order, but then V2 requires that the finite auxiliary precede the subject: Ätit glass har flickan (redan gjort) 'eaten ice-cream has the girl (done already). Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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09_Object Subject Verb
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Words: En glass har flickan ätit. Gloss: an ice-cream has girl.DEF eaten Translation: The girl has eaten an ice-cream. Comment: O S V is possible only with a topicalized object and a finite auxiliary in V2 position. Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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10_Object Verb Subject
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Words: Glassen åt flickan Gloss: ice-cream.DEF ate girl.DEF Translation: The ice-cream the girl ate. Comment: O V S is possible only with a topicalized object and the finite lexical verb in second position. Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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11_Adposition Noun_Phrase
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Yes |
fredrik heinat |
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Words: Flickan satt på bänken. Gloss: girl.DEF sat on bench.def Translation: The girl sat on the bench. Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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12_Noun_Phrase Adposition
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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13_Adjective Noun
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Yes |
fredrik heinat |
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Words: Det är en stor glass. Gloss: it is a big ice-cream Translation: It's a big ice-cream. Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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14_Noun Adjective
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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15_Numeral Noun
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Yes |
fredrik heinat |
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Words: tre grisar Gloss: three pigs Translation: three pigs Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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16_Noun Numeral
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Words: *grisar tre Gloss: pigs three Translation: three pigs Comment: This order is not possible, but see property: N2 04_Noun Numeral (definite) Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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17_Demonstrative Noun
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Yes |
fredrik heinat |
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Words: den här/denna grisen Gloss: this here/this pig.DEF Translation: this pig Comment: There is dialectal difference between the two demonstratives. Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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Words: de här/dessa grisarna Gloss: these here/these pigs.DEF Translation: these pigs Comment: There is dialectal difference between the two demonstratives. Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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18_Noun Demonstrative
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Words: *grisen denna/den här Gloss: pig.DEF this/this here Translation: this pig Comment: This order is not possible. Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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Words: *grisarna de här/dessa Gloss: pigs.DEF these here/these Translation: these pigs Comment: This order is not possible. Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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19_Possessor Noun
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Yes |
fredrik heinat |
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Words: flickans glass Gloss: girl.DEF.GEN ice-cream Translation: the girl's ice-cream Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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20_Noun Possessor
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Yes |
fredrik heinat |
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Words: porträttet av kungen -- kungens porträtt Gloss: portrait.DEF of king.DEF -- king.DEF.GEN portrait Translation: the portrait of the king Comment: The genitive has broader usage: 19_Possessor Noun Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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Words: slutet på historien --- historiens slut Gloss: end.DEF on history.DEF -- history.DEF.GEN end Translation: the end of the story Comment: Various prepositions can be used, Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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21_Pronominal Possessor Noun
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Yes |
fredrik heinat |
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Words: hennes glass Gloss: her ice-cream Translation: her ice-cream Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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22_Noun Pronominal Possessor
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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A 01_Attributive Adjective Agreement
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Yes |
fredrik heinat |
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Words: en röd bil -- ett rött äpple --- den röda bilen -- det röda äpplet Gloss: a red.N-N.SG.INDF car -- a red.N.SG.INDF apple --- the red.DEF car.DEF -- the red.DEF apple.DEF Translation: a red car -- a red apple --- the red car -- the red apple Comment: Attributive adjectives agree with the noun in gender, number and definiteness. Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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Words: två röda bilar -- två röda äpplen --- de två röda bilarna -- de två röda äpplena Gloss: two red.PL cars -- two red.PL apples --- the two red.PL cars.DEF -- the two red.PL apples.DEF Translation: two red cars -- two red apples --- the two red cars -- the two red apples Comment: In plural, the adjective has the same form no matter gender and definiteness of the noun. Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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A 02_Predicate Adjective Agreement
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Yes |
fredrik heinat |
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Words: bilen är röd -- äpplet är rött Gloss: car.DEF is red.N-N.SG -- apple.DEF is red.N.SG Translation: the car is red -- the apple is red Comment: Predicative adjectives agree with the subject in gender and number. There is no agreement for definiteness, cf. property: A 01_Attributive Adjective Agreement Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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Words: bilarna är röda -- äpplena är röda Gloss: car.PL.DEF are red.PL -- apple.PL.DEF are red.PL Translation: the cars are red -- the apples are red Comment: Predicative adjectives agree with the noun in gender and number. In plural, the forms look the same. Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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A 03_Degree Adjective
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Yes |
fredrik heinat |
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Words: väldigt stor, ganska liten, mycket varm Gloss: very big, quite little, a lot warm Translation: very big, quite little, very warm Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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A 04_Adjective Degree
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Yes |
fredrik heinat |
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Words: vägen är bred nog -- rak tillräckligt Gloss: road.DEF is broad enough -- straight enough Translation: the road is broad enough -- straight enough Comment: Only these two adjectives occur after predicative adjectives. They are disprefered after attributive adjectives. Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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Words: ?en bred nog väg -- *en bred tillräckligt väg Gloss: a broad enough road -- a broad enough road Translation: a road broad enough Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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AuxSel 01_Auxiliary Selection
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Words: Flickan har ätit en glass. Gloss: girl.DEF has eaten an ice-cream Translation: The girl has eaten an ice-cream. Comment: 'Be' is not possible to use with perfect aspect:: *Flickan är ('is') ätit en glass. Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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C 01_Complementizer Clause
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Yes |
fredrik heinat |
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Words: Flickan sa att hon var sen. Gloss: girl.DEF said COMP she was late Translation: The girl said that she was late. Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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C 02_Clause Complementizer
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Words: *Flickan sa hon var sen att Gloss: girl.DEF said she was late COMP Translation: The girl said that she was late. Comment: This order of complementizer and clause is not possible. Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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C 03_Adverbial_Subordinator Clause
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Yes |
fredrik heinat |
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Words: Jag var sen eftersom bussen gick sönder. Gloss: I was late because bus.DEF went broke Translation: I was late because the bus broke down. Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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C 04_Clause Adverbial Subordinator
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Words: * Jag var sen, bussen gick sönder eftersom. Gloss: I was late, bus.DEF went broke because Translation: I was late because the bus broke down. Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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Extra Examples
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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N2 01_Numeral Noun (indefinite)
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Yes |
fredrik heinat |
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Words: Det är två kakor i burken. Gloss: there are two cookies in jar.DEF Translation: There are two cookies in the jar. Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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N2 02_Noun Numeral (indefinite)
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Words: *Det är kakor två i burken Gloss: there are cookies two in jar.DEF Comment: This order between noun and numeral isn't possible Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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N2 03_Numeral Noun (definite)
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Yes |
fredrik heinat |
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Words: De två kakorna är i burken. Gloss: the two cookies.DEF are in jar.DEF Translation: The two cookies are in the jar. Comment: For more on double definiteness, see "extra examples". Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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N2 04_Noun Numeral (definite)
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Words: *De kakorna två är i burken. Gloss: the cookies.DEF two are in jar.DEF Translation: The two cookies are in the jar. Comment: This order between noun and numeral isn't possible. Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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Words: Festen varade i dagarna tre. Gloss: party.DEF lasted in days.DEF three Translation: The party lasted three days. Comment: The use of a numeral after a definite noun indicating time, has an archaic ring to it. The standard expression would involve an indefinite noun: i tre dagar 'for three days' Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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N2 05_Definite NP (Num N, N Num) has a definite article
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Yes |
fredrik heinat |
Double definiteness |
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Words: Berätta mer om de två aporna Gloss: tell more about DET two monkey.PL.DEF Translation: Tell me/us more about the two monkeys. Comment: If the noun is modified there are a determiner and a definiteness suffix on the noun. For more on double definiteness, see "extra examples" Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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N2 06_Definite NP (Num N, N Num) has a demonstrative
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Yes |
fredrik heinat |
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Words: De här/dessa fyra breven kom igår. Gloss: these here/these four letters.DEF arrived yesterday Translation: These four letters arrived yesterday Comment: There is dialectal difference between the two demonstratives. Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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N2 07_Definite NP (Num N, N Num) lacks a definite article or demonstrative
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Words: *Berätta mer om två aporna/*berätta mer om de två apor. Gloss: tell more about two monkey.PL.DEF/tell more about DET two monkeys Translation: Tell me/us more about the two monkeys. Comment: Both determiner and suffix are obligatory. For more on double definiteness, see "extra examples". Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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N2 08_Definite NP (Num N, N Num) contains a Plural marker, but Indefinite NP does not
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Words: Det är tre kakor i burken. / De tre kakorna är i burken.. Gloss: There are three cookie.PL in jar.DEF / the three cookie.PL.DEF are in jar.DEF Translation: there are three cookies in the jar. / The three cookis are in the jar. Comment: There is no difference in plural marking on definite and indefinite nouns. Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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N2 09_Definite NP (Num N, N Num) contains any other marking
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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N2 10_The Numeral has a different form in Definite and Indefinite (Num N, N Num) contexts
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Words: det är två kakor i burken / De två kakorna är i burken. Gloss: There are two cookies in jar.DEF/ the two cookies.DEF are in jar.DEF Translation: there are two cookies in the jar. / The two cookies are in the jar. Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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N2 11_The Noun has a different form in Definite and Indefinite (Num N, N Num) contexts
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Yes |
fredrik heinat |
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Neg 01_Standard Negation is Particle that Precedes the Verb
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Yes |
fredrik heinat |
V2 affects the order between lexical verb and negation. |
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Words: Flickan har inte ätit glass. Gloss: girl.DEF has NEG eaten ice-cream Translation: The girl has not eaten ice-cream. Comment: The V2 property of Swedish makes the negation 'inte' precede the lexical verb if there is an auxiliary. Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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Words: Flickan kan inte ha ätit glass. Gloss: girl.DEF can NEG have eaten ice-cream Translation: The girl cannot have eaten ice-cream. Comment: Negation follows the finite verb and precedes all non-finite verbs in main clauses. In subordinate clauses negation precedes all verbs, even finite verbs Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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Words: Inte har flickan ätit glass. Gloss: NEG has girl.DEF eaten ice-cream Translation: The girl has not eaten ice-cream. Comment: Negation can be topicalized. Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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Neg 02_Standard Negation is Particle that Follows the verb
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Yes |
fredrik heinat |
V2 affects the order between lexical verb and negation. |
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Words: Flickan äter inte glass. Gloss: girl.DEF eats NEG ice-cream Translation: The girl does not eat ice-cream. Comment: The V2 property of Swedish makes the finite verb precede the negation 'inte'. Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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Words: Flickan har inte ätit glass. Gloss: girl.DEF has NEG eaten ice-cream Translation: The girl has not eaten ice-cream. Comment: The V2 property of Swedish makes the finite verb precede the negation 'inte'. Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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Neg 03_Standard Negation is Prefix
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Neg 04_Standard Negation is Suffix
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Neg 05_Standard Negation is Negative Auxiliary verb
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Neg 06_Standard Negation is Higher verb
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Neg 07_Standard Negation is Tone
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Neg 08_Standard Negation is Tone plus Other Modification
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Neg 09_Standard Negation is Reduplication
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Neg 10_Standard Negation is Infix
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Neg 11_Distinct Negation of Class/Property
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Words: Flickan är inte doktor. Gloss: girl.DEF is NEG doctor. Translation: The girl is not a doctor. Comment: Negation follows the finite copula. Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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Neg 12_Distinct Negation of identity
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Neg 13_Distinct Negation of Existence
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Neg 14_Distinct Negation of Location
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Order N3 01_ Demonstrative Adjective Noun
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Yes |
fredrik heinat |
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Words: De här/dessa röda äpplena smakar gott. Gloss: DEM red.PL apples taste well Translation: These red apples taste good. Comment: There is dialectal difference between the two demonstratives. Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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Order N3 02_Demonstrative Noun Adjective
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Words: *de här/dessa studenter närvarande Gloss: DEM students present Translation: These students presents Comment: This order is not possible. Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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Order N3 03_ Noun Adjective Demonstrative
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Order N3 04_Noun Demonstrative Adjective
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Order N3 05_Adjective Demonstrative Noun
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Order N3 06_Adjective Noun Demonstrative
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Order N3 07_Demonstrative Numeral Noun
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Yes |
fredrik heinat |
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Order N3 08_Demonstrative Noun Numeral
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Order N3 09_ Noun Numeral Demonstrative
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Order N3 10_Noun Demonstrative Numeral
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Order N3 11_Numeral Demonstrative Noun
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Order N3 12_Numeral Noun Demonstrative
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Q01_Initial polar Q-marker
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Q02_Final polar Q-marker
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Q03_Clause internal polar Q-marker
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Q04_Polar question by intonation
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Q05_Polar question by V-fronting
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Yes |
fredrik heinat |
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Q06_Polar question by Auxiliary-fronting
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Yes |
fredrik heinat |
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Q07_Q-marker follows narrow focus
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Q08_Affirmative answer by particle
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Yes |
fredrik heinat |
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Q09_Affirmative answer by verb
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Q10_Affirmative answer by auxiliary
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Q11_Affirmative answer by auxiliary and verb
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Q12_Affirmative answer by particle and verb
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Q13_Affirmative answer by predicative 'be'
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Q14_Verb answer to indefinite subject question
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Q15_Particle-and-verb answer to indefinite subject question
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Q16NEGA_Negative answer by special negative particle
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Yes |
fredrik heinat |
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Q17NEGA_Negative answer by bare sentential negation
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Q18NEGA_Negative answer by sentential negation plus bare verb
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Q19ANegQ_Truth-based confirmation
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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Q20ANegQ_Polarity-based confirmation
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Yes |
fredrik heinat |
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Q21ANegQ_Polarity-reversing particle
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Yes |
fredrik heinat |
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Q22ANegQ_Polarity-reversing answer by affirmative and special particle
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No |
fredrik heinat |
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V2 01_Declarative Verb-Second
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Yes |
fredrik heinat |
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V2 02_Interrogative Verb-Second
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Yes |
fredrik heinat |
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