| Properties |
Values |
Contributor |
Comments |
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01_Subject Verb
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Yes |
Edmond Biloa |
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Words: Putá a- banga- ḿ Gloss: Puta SM- cry- IND Translation: Puta is crying Contributor: Edmond Biloa |
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02_Verb Subject
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No |
Edmond Biloa |
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03_Verb Object
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Yes |
Edmond Biloa |
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Words: Mbárá a- dinga- ḿ Putá Gloss: Mbara SM- love- IND Puta Translation: Mbara loves Puta Contributor: Edmond Biloa |
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Words: nya manya móó Gloss: eat food 2.POSS Translation: Eat your food Comment: As shown, the order is Verb Object in imperative constructions as well. Contributor: Edmond Biloa |
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04_Object Verb
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No |
Edmond Biloa |
This ordering is only possible if the object is topicalized. |
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05_Subject Verb Object
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Yes |
Edmond Biloa |
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Words: Putá a- kutu- namba kuru Gloss: Puta SM- PROG- cook rat Translation: Puta is cooking rat Contributor: Edmond Biloa |
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Words: a- dinga- ḿ Putá Gloss: SM- loves -Inc Puta Translation: “he/she loves Puta” Comment: In Tuki, null subjects are attested Contributor: Edmond Biloa |
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06_Subject Object Verb
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No |
Edmond Biloa |
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07_Verb Subject Object
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No |
Edmond Biloa |
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08_Verb Object Subject
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No |
Edmond Biloa |
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09_Object Subject Verb
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No |
Edmond Biloa |
This ordering is only possible if the object is topicalized. |
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10_Object Verb Subject
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No |
Edmond Biloa |
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11_Adposition Noun_Phrase
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Yes |
Edmond Biloa |
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Words: Mbárá a- mu- enda na sukuru Gloss: Mbara SM- P1- go to school Translation: Mbara went to school Contributor: Edmond Biloa |
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12_Noun_Phrase Adposition
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No |
Edmond Biloa |
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13_Adjective Noun
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Yes |
Edmond Biloa |
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Words: Putá a- mu osya okutu Gloss: Puta SM be.3.PRS beautiful woman Translation: Puta is a beautiful woman Contributor: Edmond Biloa |
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Words: Mbárá a- má- fowa akáná yĕndze púú Gloss: Mbara SM- PST2- build big house white Translation: Mbara built a big white house Contributor: Edmond Biloa |
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14_Noun Adjective
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Yes |
Edmond Biloa |
This ordering is only possible for color adjectives. |
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Words: vatu va- dinga- ḿ mbwá f́íítiti Gloss: people SM- love- ASP dog black Translation: people like black dogs Contributor: Edmond Biloa |
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Words: Mbárá a- má- fowa akáná yĕndze púú Gloss: Mbara SM- PST2- build big house white Translation: Mbara built a big white house Contributor: Edmond Biloa |
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Words: * mbárá a-má fowa púú y`éndze Gloss: Mbara SM- P2 build big white house Translation: Mbara built a big white house” Comment: color adjectives must be postnominal Contributor: Edmond Biloa |
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15_Numeral Noun
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No |
Edmond Biloa |
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16_Noun Numeral
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Yes |
Edmond Biloa |
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Words: vakutu vaba Gloss: woman.PL two Translation: two women Contributor: Edmond Biloa |
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17_Demonstrative Noun
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No |
Edmond Biloa |
This ordering is only possible with contrastive focus. |
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Words: a. ódzú mwana b. ává vana Gloss: a. this child b. these children Translation: a. THIS child b. THESE children Comment: Constrative focus (it means it is this child, and not any other child) Contributor: Edmond Biloa |
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Words: aye yĕndze Gloss: this house Translation: THIS house Comment: only with coontrastive focus Contributor: Edmond Biloa |
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18_Noun Demonstrative
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Yes |
Edmond Biloa |
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Words: yĕndze aye Gloss: house this Translation: this house Contributor: Edmond Biloa |
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Words: okutu ódzú eena a nŏ- ḿ Gloss: woman this here SM sick-INC Translation: This woman is sick Comment: In Tuki, as in some other languages, demonstratives co-occur with a locative reinforce inside NP. Contributor: Edmond Biloa |
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Words: okuu ódzú dzu Gloss: woman this reinforcer Translation: ThIS woman Comment: another reinforcer Another reinforcer appears to be a diminutive form of the demonstrative. the reinforcer seems to lay emphasis on the demonstrative. That is the demonstrative is focalized due to the presence of the reinforcer. Contributor: Edmond Biloa |
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19_Possessor Noun
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No |
Edmond Biloa |
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20_Noun Possessor
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Yes |
Edmond Biloa |
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Words: Mbárá a- mu- ena mwana Putá /mwaná (w) a Putá Gloss: Mbara SM- PST1- see child Puta/ child 1.ASS Puta Translation: Mbara saw Puta's child Comment: The genitive marker is not phonetically realized between mwana and Puta. This is typical of cases of inalienable possession in Bantu languages. Rhe phonetic realization of the genitive marker (w)a is optional: Contributor: Edmond Biloa |
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Words: Nù' nga- má- kúsa matúwa wa mberE ame Gloss: 1 SM- P2- buy car of friend my Translation: I bought the car of my friend Comment: wa functions like a preposition and it agrees in noun class with matuwa.In Bantu Linguistics, it is sometimes called a possessive marker or a genitive marker. That the morphological form of the genitive marker is crucially dependent upon the noun class of the NP to which it refers is evidenced by the fact that if matuwa (car) is substituted for aranga (bicycle) below, wa changes to ya Contributor: Edmond Biloa |
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21_Pronominal Possessor Noun
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No |
Edmond Biloa |
This ordering is only possible with contrastive focus. |
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Words: ame okutu Gloss: my wife/woman Translation: MY wife Comment: The pronominal possessor can only precede the NP in cases of constrastive focus in discourse: Contributor: Edmond Biloa |
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22_Noun Pronominal Possessor
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Yes |
Edmond Biloa |
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Words: wutya wame Gloss: farm 1.POSS Translation: my farm Contributor: Edmond Biloa |
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A 01_Attributive Adjective Agreement
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Yes |
Edmond Biloa |
This property has a value of "no" for color adjectives, which do not agree with the noun they modify. |
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Words: a. osya okuto b. vasya vakutu Gloss: a. 1.beautiful woman b. 2. beautiful 2.women Translation: a. beautiful woman b. beautiful women Comment: Prenominal As agree, but postnominal ones don't Contributor: Edmond Biloa |
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Words: a. akana inyíní b. vikana munyíní Translation: a. big bird b. big birds Comment: agreement is prefixed on A and N Contributor: Edmond Biloa |
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Words: a. arónó okutu b. virónó vakutu Gloss: a. old woman b. old women Contributor: Edmond Biloa |
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Words: karate búútutu omò'si Gloss: book red NC.one Translation: one red book Comment: The postnominal adjectives do not agree, but postnominal numerals do. (o agrees with book) Contributor: Edmond Biloa |
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Words: a.inyó búútutu imò'si b. vinyó búútutu vitatú Gloss: a. i.yam red i.one b. vi.yam red vi.three Translation: a. one red yam b. three red yams Comment: These examples show the numerals agree (but postnominal adjectives don't. ) Contributor: Edmond Biloa |
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A 02_Predicate Adjective Agreement
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No |
Edmond Biloa |
In their predicative use, color adjectives themselves have additional morphology which makes them verbal: they show the regular subject agreement. Other adjectives cannot be used in this way but always modify a N |
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Words: Putá a- mú akana okutu Gloss: Puta SM- is big woman Translation: Puta is a big woman Comment: The adjective agrees but it is not used predicatively Contributor: Edmond Biloa |
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Words: putá a-mú osya *(okutu) Gloss: Puta SM- MU beautiful woman Translation: Puta is beautiful Comment: Beautiful/ big etc. cannot be used predicatively: the head noun is oblgatory Contributor: Edmond Biloa |
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Words: onyeme ; wanga-(o+anga); orafa; ogira; opuma (etc) Gloss: to be beautiful; to be tall; to be black or dark; to be white (etc) Comment: Tuki also has some verbs that express ideas/notions that are semantically encoded by predicate adjectives Contributor: Edmond Biloa |
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Words: mwana wáá a- rafa-ḿ Gloss: child his/her SM tall-INC Translation: his/her child is tall Contributor: Edmond Biloa |
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Words: a. Putá a- mú fíítiti b. vakutu vá- mú fííititi Gloss: a. Puta SM-is back b. woman are black Translation: a. Puta is black b. the woman are black Comment: Color adjectives are postnominal, and never agree; they can be used predicatively (whereas the prenominal adjectives cannot not) Contributor: Edmond Biloa |
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Words: a.matúwa ódzú a- mú púú b. vamatúwa ava vá- mú púú Gloss: a. this car is white b. cars these SM are white Translation: a. This car is white b. These cars are white Comment: white is invariant. Contributor: Edmond Biloa |
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A 03_Degree Adjective
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No |
Edmond Biloa |
A lexical item must be of category V to allow a degree; this ordering is possible but only with the use of "adjective verbs." |
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Words: Putá a- nyeme- ḿ ifundu Gloss: Puta SM- be.beautiful- IND much Translation: Puta is very beautiful Comment: The language resorts to "adjective verbs/predicate adjectives" to express degree. Contributor: Edmond Biloa |
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A 04_Adjective Degree
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No |
Edmond Biloa |
A lexical item must be of category V to allow a degree; this ordering is possible but only with the use of "adjective verbs." |
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Words: Putá a- banga- ḿ na sáási Gloss: Puta SM- be.big- IND with enough Translation: Puta is big enough Comment: The language resorts to "adjective verbs/predicate adjectives" to express degree. Contributor: Edmond Biloa |
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AuxSel 01_Auxiliary Selection
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NA |
Edmond Biloa |
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C 01_Complementizer Clause
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Yes |
Edmond Biloa |
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Words: Mbárá a- mu- údza ee Putá a- mu- eta Gloss: Mbara SM- PST1- say COMP Puta SM- PST1- go back Translation: Mbara said that Puta went back Contributor: Edmond Biloa |
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Words: Mbárá a- mu- sésá ngí Putá a-mu-eta Gloss: Mbara SM p1 ask if Puta P1 go.back Translation: Mbara asked if Puta went back Contributor: Edmond Biloa |
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C 02_Clause Complementizer
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No |
Edmond Biloa |
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C 03_Adverbial_Subordinator Clause
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Yes |
Edmond Biloa |
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Words: nŭ ngu mú enda ná wáspíta asene nŭ nŏ- ḿ Gloss: I SM- PST1- go to hospital because I sick- IND Translation: I went to the hospital because I am sick Contributor: Edmond Biloa |
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C 04_Clause Adverbial Subordinator
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No |
Edmond Biloa |
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Neg 01_Standard Negation is Particle that Precedes the Verb
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Yes |
Edmond Biloa |
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Neg 02_Standard Negation is Particle that Follows the verb
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No |
Edmond Biloa |
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Neg 03_Standard Negation is Prefix
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No |
Edmond Biloa |
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Neg 04_Standard Negation is Suffix
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No |
Edmond Biloa |
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Neg 05_Standard Negation is Negative Auxiliary verb
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No |
Edmond Biloa |
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Neg 06_Standard Negation is Higher verb
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No |
Edmond Biloa |
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Neg 07_Standard Negation is Tone
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No |
Edmond Biloa |
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Neg 08_Standard Negation is Tone plus Other Modification
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No |
Edmond Biloa |
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Neg 09_Standard Negation is Reduplication
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No |
Edmond Biloa |
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Neg 10_Standard Negation is Infix
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No |
Edmond Biloa |
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Words: Mbárá a- má- kutu dinga Putá Gloss: Mbara SM- p2- prog love Puta Translation: Mbara was loving Puta Comment: for the negated form see next sentence Contributor: Edmond Biloa |
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Words: Mbárá a- tá- má- kutu dinga Putá Gloss: Mbara SM Neg Past2 prog love Puta Translation: “Mbara was not loving Puta” Comment: The negation follows the subject marker and precedes the past tense marker. This could perhaps qualify as an infix, but there is no reason to assume the order does not reflect a structure where negation combines with past and SM combines with that resut (i.e. negation is never inflexed into the SM V structure). Contributor: Edmond Biloa |
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Neg 11_Distinct Negation of Class/Property
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No |
Edmond Biloa |
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Neg 12_Distinct Negation of identity
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No |
Edmond Biloa |
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Neg 13_Distinct Negation of Existence
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No |
Edmond Biloa |
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Neg 14_Distinct Negation of Location
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No |
Edmond Biloa |
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Order N3 01_ Demonstrative Adjective Noun
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No |
Edmond Biloa |
This ordering is only possible with contrastive focus. |
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Order N3 02_Demonstrative Noun Adjective
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No |
Edmond Biloa |
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Order N3 03_ Noun Adjective Demonstrative
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Yes |
Edmond Biloa |
This ordering is only possible for color adjectives. |
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Words: vakarate púú avá Gloss: PL.book white these Translation: these white books Contributor: Edmond Biloa |
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Order N3 04_Noun Demonstrative Adjective
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No |
Edmond Biloa |
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Order N3 05_Adjective Demonstrative Noun
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No |
Edmond Biloa |
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Order N3 06_Adjective Noun Demonstrative
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Yes |
Edmond Biloa |
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Words: osya okutu ódzú Gloss: beautiful woman this Translation: this beautiful woman Contributor: Edmond Biloa |
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Words: i fíítiti okutu ódzú Gloss: PRES black woman this Translation: it is this black woman Comment: Color adjectives can only occur pronominally if they are preceded by a presentative morpheme and the head N is followed by a DEM. Contributor: Edmond Biloa |
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V2 01_Declarative Verb-Second
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No |
Edmond Biloa |
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V2 02_Interrogative Verb-Second
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No |
Edmond Biloa |
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