| Properties |
Values |
Contributor |
Comments |
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01_Subject Verb
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Yes |
Taylor Roberts |
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Words: laylaa gadd-ég-i Gloss: Layla dance-INTR-3SG.PRES Translation: Layla is dancing. Contributor: Taylor Roberts |
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02_Verb Subject
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No |
Taylor Roberts |
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03_Verb Object
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No |
Taylor Roberts |
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04_Object Verb
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Yes |
Taylor Roberts |
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Words: spi pisho khog krr-a Gloss: dog(OBL M) cat(DIR F) hurt do(PST PFV)-F3SG Translation: the dog hurt the cat. Comment: Roberts 2000:12. Contributor: Taylor Roberts |
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05_Subject Verb Object
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No |
Taylor Roberts |
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06_Subject Object Verb
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Yes |
Taylor Roberts |
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Words: spi pisho khog krr-a Gloss: dog(OBL M) cat(DIR F) hurt do(PST PFV)-F3SG Translation: the dog hurt the cat Comment: Roberts 2000:12. Scrambling (OSV) is possible but not considered the basic order. Contributor: Taylor Roberts |
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07_Verb Subject Object
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No |
Taylor Roberts |
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08_Verb Object Subject
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No |
Taylor Roberts |
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09_Object Subject Verb
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No |
Taylor Roberts |
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10_Object Verb Subject
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No |
Taylor Roberts |
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11_Adposition Noun_Phrase
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Yes |
Taylor Roberts |
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Words: dee asad laas Gloss: POSS Asad hand Translation: Asad's hand Comment: Tegey and Robson 1996: 153. One of only two prepositions in the language; aside from a single postposition, the remaining adpositions are ambipositions/circumpositions. Contributor: Taylor Roberts |
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Words: pe tshaarre Gloss: INS knife Translation: with/by means of a knife Comment: Tegey and Robson 1996: 154. One of only two prepositions in the language; aside from a single postposition, the remaining adpositions are ambipositions/circumpositions. Contributor: Taylor Roberts |
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12_Noun_Phrase Adposition
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Yes |
Taylor Roberts |
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Words: bazaar ta dz-em Gloss: market to go.PRS.IPFV-1SG Translation: I'm going to the market. Comment: Tegey and Robson 1996: 154. The only postposition in the language; aside from two prepositions, the remaining adpositions are ambipositions/circumpositions. Contributor: Taylor Roberts |
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13_Adjective Noun
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Yes |
Chris Collins |
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Words: pindze khkwélee péeghlee Gloss: five pretty.F.DIR.PL girl.F.DIR.PL Translation: five pretty girls Comment: Tegey and Robson 1996: 85. Contributor: Taylor Roberts |
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14_Noun Adjective
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No |
Taylor Roberts |
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15_Numeral Noun
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Yes |
Chris Collins |
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Words: pindze khkwélee péeghlee Gloss: five pretty.F.DIR.PL girl.F.DIR.PL Translation: five pretty girls Comment: Tegey and Robson 1996: 85. Contributor: Taylor Roberts |
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16_Noun Numeral
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No |
Taylor Roberts |
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17_Demonstrative Noun
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Yes |
Taylor Roberts |
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Words: daa peeghla kitaab-úna khe lwal-i Gloss: DEM.F.DIR.SG girl.F.DIR.SG book.M-DIR.PL good.M.DIR.PL read-3SG Translation: That girl reads books well. Comment: Tegey and Robson 1996: 88. Contributor: Taylor Roberts |
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18_Noun Demonstrative
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No |
Taylor Roberts |
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19_Possessor Noun
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Yes |
Taylor Roberts |
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Words: dee dzan plaar Gloss: POSS John father Translation: John's father Comment: Babrakzai 1999: 31 Contributor: Taylor Roberts |
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Words: dee maktab dee shaagerdáano dee dars dee dawree dee wakht le khwakhey na ddáka yaaduna Gloss: POSS school POSS students POSS study POSS period POSS time from happiness from full memories Translation: memories full of happiness of the time period of students' studying at school Comment: Tegey and Robson 1996: 172. Contributor: Taylor Roberts |
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Words: dee asad dee plaar tsalor ddeeree ssaaysta lunnee Gloss: POSS Asad POSS father.OBL.SG four very.F.Dir.PL pretty daughter.DIR.PL Translation: Asad's father four very pretty daughters Comment: (also Num A N); same for alienable possession . Tegey and Robson: 171 Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
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20_Noun Possessor
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No |
Taylor Roberts |
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21_Pronominal Possessor Noun
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Yes |
Taylor Roberts |
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22_Noun Pronominal Possessor
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No |
Taylor Roberts |
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A 01_Attributive Adjective Agreement
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Yes |
Taylor Roberts |
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Words: tégay alek wobe ghwaarr-i Gloss: thirsty.M.DIR.SG boy.M.DIR.SG water.F.PL want-PRS.3SG Translation: The thirsty boy wants water. Comment: Tegey and Robson 1996: 85. Adjectives agree with the nouns they modify in gender, number, and case. Contributor: Taylor Roberts |
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Words: tégi alekaan wobe ghwaarr-i Gloss: thirsty.M.DIR.PL boy.M.DIR.PL water.F.PL want-PRS.3PL Translation: The thirsty boys want water. Comment: Tegey and Robson 1996: 86. Adjectives agree with the nouns they modify in gender, number, and case. Contributor: Taylor Roberts |
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A 02_Predicate Adjective Agreement
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Yes |
Taylor Roberts |
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Words: dee tégi alek khwla wétsha wa Gloss: POSS thirsty.M.OBL.SG boy.M.OBL.SG mouth.F.DIR.SG dry.F.DIR.SG be.PST.IPFV.3SG.F Translation: The thirsty boy's mouth was dry. Comment: Tegey and Robson 1996: 86. Adjectives agree with the nouns they modify in gender, number, and case. Contributor: Taylor Roberts |
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Words: dee tégo alekáano khwlee wétshee wee Gloss: POSS thirsty.M.OBL.PL boy.M.OBL.PL mouth.F.DIR.PL dry.F.DIR.PL be.PST.IPFV.3PL.F Translation: The thirsty boys' mouths were dry. Comment: Tegey and Robson 1996: 86. Adjectives agree with the nouns they modify in gender, number, and case. Contributor: Taylor Roberts |
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A 03_Degree Adjective
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Yes |
Taylor Roberts |
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A 04_Adjective Degree
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No |
Taylor Roberts |
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AuxSel 01_Auxiliary Selection
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NA |
Taylor Roberts |
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C 01_Complementizer Clause
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Yes |
Taylor Roberts |
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Words: maa katel tshee asad rághay Gloss: 1SG.OBL see.PST.IPFV.3PL.M COMP Asad come.PST.PFV.3SG.M Translation: I saw that Asad had arrived. Comment: Tegey and Robson 1996: 200. The matrix verb agrees with the embedded clause as if it is masculine plural. Contributor: Taylor Roberts |
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C 02_Clause Complementizer
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No |
Taylor Roberts |
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C 03_Adverbial_Subordinator Clause
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Yes |
Taylor Roberts |
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Words: táasee wos de ta tse zyaan ne shey rasawel-ay dzeka tshee day zmaa porawérray day aw maa ta yee panaann raawrr-i da Gloss: 2PL now 3SG.M.OBL to any harm.M NEG be.PRS.PFV.2PL bring.PST.PFV-PTCP because COMP 3SG.M.ABS 1SG.POSS debtor.M be.PRS.IPFV.3SG.M and 1SG.OBL to 3SG.ABS asylum.F bring.PST.IPFV-3SG be.PRS.IPFV.3SG Translation: None of you can harm him because he owes me and came to me for asylum. Comment: Ulfat, "A True Story," cited by Tegey and Robson 1996: 213 Contributor: Taylor Roberts |
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C 04_Clause Adverbial Subordinator
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No |
Taylor Roberts |
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Extra Examples
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Yes |
Chris Collins |
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N2 01_Numeral Noun (indefinite)
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Yes |
David Pate |
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N2 02_Noun Numeral (indefinite)
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No |
David Pate |
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N2 03_Numeral Noun (definite)
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Yes |
David Pate |
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N2 04_Noun Numeral (definite)
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No |
David Pate |
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N2 05_Definite NP (Num N, N Num) has a definite article
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No |
David Pate |
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N2 06_Definite NP (Num N, N Num) has a demonstrative
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No |
David Pate |
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N2 08_Definite NP (Num N, N Num) contains a Plural marker, but Indefinite NP does not
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No |
David Pate |
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N2 09_Definite NP (Num N, N Num) contains any other marking
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No |
David Pate |
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N2 10_The Numeral has a different form in Definite and Indefinite (Num N, N Num) contexts
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No |
David Pate |
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N2 11_The Noun has a different form in Definite and Indefinite (Num N, N Num) contexts
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No |
David Pate |
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Neg 01_Standard Negation is Particle that Precedes the Verb
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No |
Taylor Roberts |
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Neg 02_Standard Negation is Particle that Follows the verb
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No |
Taylor Roberts |
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Neg 03_Standard Negation is Prefix
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Yes |
Taylor Roberts |
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Neg 04_Standard Negation is Suffix
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No |
Taylor Roberts |
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Neg 05_Standard Negation is Negative Auxiliary verb
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No |
Taylor Roberts |
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Neg 06_Standard Negation is Higher verb
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No |
Taylor Roberts |
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Neg 07_Standard Negation is Tone
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No |
Taylor Roberts |
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Neg 08_Standard Negation is Tone plus Other Modification
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No |
Taylor Roberts |
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Neg 09_Standard Negation is Reduplication
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No |
Taylor Roberts |
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Neg 10_Standard Negation is Infix
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No |
Taylor Roberts |
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Neg 11_Distinct Negation of Class/Property
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No |
Taylor Roberts |
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Neg 12_Distinct Negation of identity
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No |
Taylor Roberts |
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Neg 13_Distinct Negation of Existence
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No |
Taylor Roberts |
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Neg 14_Distinct Negation of Location
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No |
Taylor Roberts |
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Order N3 01_ Demonstrative Adjective Noun
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Yes |
Taylor Roberts |
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Words: ágha spin mottar de asad néway mottar day Gloss: DEM.M.DIR.SG white.M.DIR.SG car.M.DIR.SG POSS Asad new.M.DIR.SG car.M.DIR.SG be.PRS.IPFV.3SG.M Translation: That white car is Asad's new car. Comment: Tegey and Robson 1996: 170. Contributor: Taylor Roberts |
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Order N3 02_Demonstrative Noun Adjective
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No |
Taylor Roberts |
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Order N3 03_ Noun Adjective Demonstrative
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No |
Taylor Roberts |
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Order N3 04_Noun Demonstrative Adjective
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No |
Taylor Roberts |
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Order N3 05_Adjective Demonstrative Noun
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No |
Taylor Roberts |
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Order N3 06_Adjective Noun Demonstrative
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No |
Taylor Roberts |
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Order N3 07_Demonstrative Numeral Noun
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Yes |
David Pate |
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Order N3 08_Demonstrative Noun Numeral
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No |
David Pate |
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Order N3 09_ Noun Numeral Demonstrative
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No |
David Pate |
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Order N3 10_Noun Demonstrative Numeral
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No |
David Pate |
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Order N3 11_Numeral Demonstrative Noun
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No |
David Pate |
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Order N3 12_Numeral Noun Demonstrative
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No |
David Pate |
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Q01_Initial polar Q-marker
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Yes |
David Pate |
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Q02_Final polar Q-marker
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No |
David Pate |
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Q03_Clause internal polar Q-marker
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No |
David Pate |
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Q04_Polar question by intonation
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Yes |
David Pate |
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Q05_Polar question by V-fronting
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No |
David Pate |
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Q06_Polar question by Auxiliary-fronting
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No |
David Pate |
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Q07_Q-marker follows narrow focus
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No |
David Pate |
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Q08_Affirmative answer by particle
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Yes |
David Pate |
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Q09_Affirmative answer by verb
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No |
David Pate |
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Q10_Affirmative answer by auxiliary
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No |
David Pate |
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Q11_Affirmative answer by auxiliary and verb
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No |
David Pate |
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Q12_Affirmative answer by particle and verb
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No |
David Pate |
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Q13_Affirmative answer by predicative 'be'
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No |
David Pate |
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Q14_Verb answer to indefinite subject question
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No |
David Pate |
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Q15_Particle-and-verb answer to indefinite subject question
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No |
David Pate |
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Q18NEGA_Negative answer by sentential negation plus bare verb
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No |
David Pate |
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Q21ANegQ_Polarity-reversing particle
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No |
David Pate |
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Q22ANegQ_Polarity-reversing answer by affirmative and special particle
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No |
David Pate |
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V2 01_Declarative Verb-Second
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No |
Taylor Roberts |
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V2 02_Interrogative Verb-Second
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No |
Taylor Roberts |
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