| Language |
Value |
Contributor |
Comments |
|
=Hoan
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
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|
Acehnese
|
Yes |
Julie Legate |
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+
Afrikaans
|
Yes |
Theresa Biberauer |
|
Words: Doen jou oefeninge! Gloss: do your exercises Translation: Do your exercises! Comment: Imperatives exhibit VO order wherever an object is present. In colloquial Afrikaans, this pattern has even been extended to particle verb-containing imperatives (see next example). Contributor: Theresa Biberauer |
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Words: Maak toe die deur! Gloss: make closed the door Translation: Close the door! Comment: The prescriptively sanctioned version of this imperative is: "Maak die deur toe", but the VO order is very commonly heard in colloquial Afrikaans. Contributor: Theresa Biberauer |
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Agni indénié
|
Yes |
Amoikon Dyhié ASSANVO |
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+
Albanian
|
Yes |
Dalina Kallulli |
|
Words: Eva bleu akullore. Gloss: Eva bought ice-cream Translation: Eva bought (an) ice-cream. Contributor: Dalina Kallulli |
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|
American Sign Language
|
Yes |
Natasha Abner |
(JOHN/IX) LIKE MARY |
|
+
Amharic
|
Yes |
Girma Demeke |
|
Words: yɨ-näd-u-all saykɨl ɨndä-hayle Gloss: 3pls-ride.IPFV-3pls bicycle like-Haile Translation: One should ride a bicycle like Haile. Comment: VO order is unproductive in current Amharic and found only with impersonal constructions of the above example type where the subject is always null and identified by a third person plural agreement. -u in the above example will be deleted by labializing the preceding consonant. [example entered for GS, because of a bug in the dataentry process: to be transferred to Girma Demeke in the future) Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
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|
Words: yɨ-rot'-u-all ɨndä-hayle Gloss: 3pls-run.IPFV-3pls-Aux like-H. Translation: 'one should run like Haile' Comment: VO order is unproductive in current Amharic and found only with impersonal constructions of the above example type (with a PP postverbal). If there is an object, the object will follow the V and precede the PP).The subject is always null and identified by a third person plural agreement. -u in the above example will be deleted by labializing the preceding consonant. (Example entered by HK because of dataentry bug: to be transferred in the future to GD) Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
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+
Ancient Greek
|
Yes |
Richard Faure |
|
Words: e: hûs esthíei toùs ófeis Gloss: ART-NOM.F.SG sow-NOM.SG eat-PRS.3SG ART-ACC.M.PL snake-ACC.PL Translation: Sows eats snakes Comment: Aristoteles, Historia animalium, Bekker page 609b line 30 Contributor: Richard Faure |
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+
Arabic, Gulf
|
Yes |
Dimitrios Ntelitheos |
|
Words: Ahmed keteb r-resalah Gloss: Ahmed write.PST DET-letter Translation: Ahmed wrote the letter Contributor: Dimitrios Ntelitheos |
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|
Atayal (Squliq)
|
Yes |
Sihwei Chen |
|
|
Bajau, West Coast
|
Yes |
Mark Miller |
|
|
Bambara
|
No |
Bryan Villa |
There isn't any sentence that ends in VERB OBJECT |
|
Bardi
|
Yes |
Claire Bowern |
|
|
+
Basaa
|
Yes |
Paul Roger Bassong |
|
Words: maŋgɛ́ *(a)- bí- sↄ́mb káàt Gloss: 1child 1SM- PST2- buy 7book Translation: The/a child bought a book Comment: SM is obligatory in tensed clauses. The high tone on the object seems to be a property of tensed clauses. In imepratives book will be low toned and only lexically specified high tone can surface. Contributor: Paul Roger Bassong |
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Basque
|
No |
Karlos Arregi |
|
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+
Bellinzonese
|
Yes |
Andrea Cattaneo |
|
Words: Tödi un libru Gloss: buy.PRS.1.SG a book Translation: I buy a book. Contributor: Andrea Cattaneo |
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Beng
|
No |
Denis Paperno |
|
|
Bengali
|
No |
Priyanka Biswas |
OK under contrastive focus interpretation. |
|
+
Bole
|
Yes |
Alhaji Gimba |
|
Words: n inna dosho Gloss: I see (pfv) horse Translation: I saw a horse Contributor: Alhaji Gimba |
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+
Brazilian Portuguese
|
Yes |
Bruna Moreira |
|
Words: Vi o gato Gloss: See.PST.1SG the.M cat Translation: I saw the cat Contributor: Bruna Moreira |
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+
Breton
|
Yes |
Steve Hewitt |
|
Words: Maite a gano un ton berr. Gloss: Maite C sing.FUT det song short Translation: Maite will sing a short song Contributor: Mélanie Jouitteau |
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+
Bulgarian
|
Yes |
Ljuba Veselinova |
|
Words: S-vərsh-i proekt-a Gloss: PFV-do-3.SG.AOR project-DEF.SG.M Translation: Finished the project Comment: The sentence is much more colloquial if a reflexive-possessive particle 'si' is added 'Svərsh-i si proekt-a' added Contributor: Ljuba Veselinova |
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Burgenland-Romani
|
Yes |
Michelle McComb |
|
|
Burmese
|
No |
Timothy Ho |
|
|
Calabrian (Northern)
|
Yes |
Giuseppina Silvestri |
|
|
Catalan
|
Yes |
Txuss Martin |
|
|
+
Chalcatongo Mixtec
|
Yes |
Jess Combs |
|
Words: María ni-teʔnde saʔma Gloss: María CP-rip(vi) dress Translation: 'María ripped her dress' Contributor: Jess Combs |
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Chichewa
|
Yes |
Sam Mchombo |
|
|
Chickasaw
|
Yes |
Pam Munro |
|
|
+
Chol
|
Yes |
Jessica Coon |
|
Words: tyi k-mäñ-ä koya' Gloss: COMPL 1ERG-buy-TR tomato Translation: I bought tomatoes. Contributor: Jessica Coon |
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+
Czech
|
Yes |
Pavel Caha |
|
Words: Petr krájí maso. Gloss: Petr.nom cut.3sg meat.acc Translation: Petr is cutting meat. Contributor: Pavel Caha |
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Dagaare
|
Yes |
Adams Bodomo |
|
|
Dholuo
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
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+
Digo
|
Yes |
Steve Nicolle |
|
Words: na=hu-som-e-ni Chi-digo Gloss: EMPH=1PL-read/study-SBJV-PL CL7-Digo Translation: let us read/study the Digo language Comment: Canonical order. Contributor: Steve Nicolle |
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+
Digor Ossetic
|
Yes |
David Erschler |
|
Words: ra-jsta aguvžiʣag Gloss: PRV-take.PST.3SG full.glass Translation: (He) took a full glass. Comment: Iræf 2006(2) Contributor: David Erschler |
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+
Dutch
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
Words: Marie bouwt dit jaar twee kamers Gloss: Mary build this year two rooms Translation: Mary is building two rooms this year Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
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+
Eastern Armenian
|
Yes |
Karine Megerdoomian |
|
Words: Mariam-a kerav khndzor-a Gloss: Mariam.DEF eat.3SG.PST apple.DEF Translation: Mariam ate the apple Contributor: Arwa Rangwala |
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Egyptian Arabic
|
Yes |
Arwa Rangwala |
|
|
English
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
|
|
English (Singapore)
|
Yes |
Adam Chong |
|
|
+
European Portuguese
|
Yes |
Salvador Mascarenhas |
|
Words: Eu estimo esta professora. Gloss: I esteem.PRES.1SG this.F professor Translation: I esteem this professor. Contributor: Salvador Mascarenhas |
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+
Ewe
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
|
Words: Kofi kpO Ama Gloss: Kofi see.PST Ama Translation: Kofi saw Ama Contributor: Chris Collins |
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+
Farefari
|
Yes |
Mary Esther Kropp Dakubu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Faroese
|
Yes |
Gunnar Hrafn Hrafnbjargarson |
|
|
+
Finnish
|
Yes |
Anders Holmberg |
|
Words: On sattunut onnettomuus. Gloss: is happened accident.NOM Translation: There has been an accident. Comment: Possible chiefly with verbs of occurrence/appearance. Contributor: Anders Holmberg |
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Words: Anna juo kahvi-a. Gloss: Anna drink.PRS.3SG coffee-PART Translation: Anna drinks/is drinking coffee. Contributor: Anders Holmberg |
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+
French
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
|
Words: Les oiseaux mangent des vers. Gloss: DEF-DET-PL bird-PL eat-PRS IND-DET-PL worm-PL Translation: "The Birds eat worms." Contributor: Hannah Kim |
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|
|
Frisian (West Frisian)
|
Yes |
Jarich Hoekstra |
|
|
+
Ga
|
Yes |
Mary Esther Kropp Dakubu |
|
Words: Yoo lɛ ye brodo Gloss: woman the eat bread Translation: The woman ate bread Contributor: Mary Esther Kropp Dakubu |
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|
galician
|
Yes |
Naír García |
|
|
Garifuna
|
Yes |
Teresa O'Neill (contributor till 2012) |
|
|
georgian
|
Yes |
Lea Nash |
|
|
German
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
|
|
+
Greek
|
Yes |
Arhonto Terzi |
|
Words: (I Eleni) efage ena pagoto. Gloss: (the Eleni) ate an ice-cream Translation: Eleni ate an ice-cream. Contributor: Arhonto Terzi |
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|
Greenlandic, West (Kalaallisut)
|
No |
Stephen Mayeaux |
|
|
+
Gungbe (Porto-Novo)
|
Yes |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
|
Words: nù sìn, é ná kpóntè Gloss: drink water 3sg fut better Translation: Drink some water, you will get better Contributor: Enoch Oladé Aboh |
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Gurene
|
Yes |
Samuel Atintono |
|
|
Haitian
|
Yes |
Michel DeGraff |
|
|
Hakka
|
Yes |
Iris Wu |
|
|
+
Hanga
|
Yes |
Geoffrey Hunt |
|
Words: pa o zu Gloss: follow his head Translation: follow him Contributor: Geoffrey Hunt |
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|
|
|
Hausa
|
Yes |
Russell Schuh |
|
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+
Hebrew
|
Yes |
Ur Shlonsky |
|
Words: hu henif degel Gloss: he hoist.M.S.PRS flag Translation: He hoisted a flag Contributor: Ur Shlonsky |
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Hindi
|
No |
Anoop Mahajan |
|
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Hittite
|
No |
Mattyas Huggard |
|
|
Hixkaryana
|
No |
Laura Kalin |
|
|
+
Hungarian
|
Yes |
Anna Szabolcsi |
|
Words: Hall-om a zené-t. Gloss: hear-1SG.SUBJ.DEF.OBJ.PRS.IND the music-ACC Translation: `I hear the music' Contributor: Anna Szabolcsi |
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Ibibio
|
Yes |
Willie Willie |
|
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Icelandic
|
Yes |
Jim Wood |
|
|
Igala
|
Yes |
Johnson Folorunso Ilori |
|
|
Iha
|
No |
Mark Donohue |
|
|
Ilokano
|
Yes |
Jeremy Rafal |
|
|
imbabura quichua
|
No |
UCLA Linguistics 210 |
|
|
Indonesian
|
Yes |
Mark Donohue |
|
|
Irish
|
Yes |
Bridget Nixdorf |
|
|
Iron Ossetic
|
Yes |
David Erschler |
|
|
Isbukun Bunun
|
Yes |
Iris Wu |
|
|
Italian
|
Yes |
Andrea Cattaneo |
|
|
Jamaican Creole English
|
Yes |
Tonjes Veenstra |
|
|
Japanese
|
No |
Ken Hiraiwa |
|
|
Jarawara
|
No |
Alan Vogel |
|
|
Jingulu
|
Yes |
Rob Pensalfini |
|
|
Karachay
|
Yes |
Steve Seegmiller |
|
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Kayan
|
Yes |
Ken Manson |
|
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Khasi
|
Yes |
Gracious Temsen |
|
|
KiLega
|
Yes |
Kasangati Kinyalolo |
|
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Kindendeule
|
Yes |
Deo Ngonyani |
|
|
Kiswahili
|
Yes |
Aggrey Wasike |
|
|
Kiyaka
|
Yes |
Lukowa Kidima |
|
|
Konni
|
Yes |
Michael Cahill |
|
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Korean
|
No |
Chung-hye Han |
|
|
Kuot
|
Yes |
Eva Lindström |
|
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Kurdish (Sorani)
|
No |
Yadgar Karimi |
|
|
Kusunda
|
Yes |
Mark Donohue |
|
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Laal
|
Yes |
Florian Lionnet |
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+
Lango
|
Yes |
Arwa Rangwala |
|
Words: àcámò dɛ̀k Gloss: 1SG.eat.PRF stew Translation: I ate stew (Noonan 1992: 119 ex 1b.) Contributor: Arwa Rangwala |
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Lani
|
No |
Mark Donohue |
|
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+
Lao
|
Yes |
Alif Silpachai |
|
Words: maa kin khaw laew Gloss: dog eat rice already Translation: The dogs have eaten rice Contributor: Alif Silpachai |
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+
Lebanese Arabic
|
Yes |
Lina Choueiri |
|
Words: Toufic zaar l-beet Gloss: Toufic visited.3MSG the-house Translation: Toufic visited the house Contributor: Lina Choueiri |
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Lubukusu
|
Yes |
Aggrey Wasike |
|
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+
Maasai (Kisongo)
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
Words: ayieu enkalem kiti Gloss: 1S.want SG.FEM.knife.ACC small(fem).ACC Translation: I want the/a small knife Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
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+
Malagasy
|
Yes |
Ed Keenan and Laura Kalin |
|
Words: Manenjika ny mpangalatra Rabe Gloss: PRES.AT.chase DET thief Rabe Translation: Rabe chases/is chasing the thief. Comment: Note: AT stands for 'Actor Topic', which is the voice morphology on the verb indicating that the subject is the agent. Also, in AT, the m- prefix on the verb alternates with n- (for past) and h- (for future). Contributor: Ed Keenan and Laura Kalin |
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Malayalam
|
No |
Mythili Menon |
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+
Mandarin
|
Yes |
Arthur Wang |
|
Words: wo xihuan zhe ben shu Gloss: I like DEM CLF book Translation: I like this book. Comment: zhe is a demonstrative word that precedes the book Contributor: Arthur Wang |
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Mankanya
|
Yes |
Tim Gaved |
|
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Maori
|
Yes |
Ray Harlow |
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+
Marshallese
|
Yes |
Heather Willson Sturman |
|
Words: Dolly e=ar anōke ļaddik ro. Gloss: Dolly 3SG.AGR=PST follow.TR boy the.PL.HUMAN Translation: Dolly followed the boys. Contributor: Heather Willson Sturman |
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+
Masarak
|
Yes |
Jessica Chen |
|
Words: daʊd t-ɑɾtʃ-ɑ bitɑlo Gloss: Daowd 3SG-dropped-PST cup.SG Translation: 'Daowd dropped the cup' Contributor: Jessica Chen |
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Mbuko
|
Yes |
Richard Gravina |
|
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Medumba
|
Yes |
KEUPDJIO HERMANN SIDOINE |
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+
Middle Dutch
|
Yes |
Gertjan Postma |
|
Words: Ende elken mensche doet sinen vrede Gloss: and every man does.3sg his.ACC peace Translation: and every man does his peace Comment: also with object pronouns Contributor: Gertjan Postma |
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+
Miya
|
Yes |
Michael A. Estrada |
|
Words: à zar súw zhàak-áy Gloss: Pf call Tot donkey-Tot Translation: He called a donkey Comment: Tot stands for 'totality' but it is not relevant here. Contributor: Michael A. Estrada |
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N|u
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
|
|
Nahuatl (Central Huasteca)
|
Yes |
John Garcia |
|
|
Nahuatl (Classical)
|
Yes |
John Garcia |
|
|
Naki
|
Yes |
Jeff Good |
|
|
+
Nawdm
|
Yes |
Hannah Kim |
|
Words: kpɛleː bɛːn naŋkpaʔe ʔɛnaːʔe Gloss: table+cm(de)+spec be+with leg+cm(ga)-pl cm(ga)-pl+four+cm(ga)-pl Translation: “The table has four legs” (16). Comment: All setting and examples come from the database from a two quarter fieldmethods class at UCLA in 1998. (Albro, 1998) Contributor: Hannah Kim |
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Ndut
|
Yes |
Daniel Morgan |
|
|
Nepali
|
No |
Mark Donohue |
|
|
Nkore-Kiga
|
Yes |
Arwa Rangwala |
|
|
+
Northern Thai
|
Yes |
Alif Silpachai |
|
Words: poen taa-sii huean wan-kaan Gloss: 3SG paint house Tuesday Translation: He painted a house on Tuesday Contributor: Alif Silpachai |
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Norwegian
|
Yes |
Marit Julien |
|
|
+
Nupe
|
Yes |
Jason Kandybowicz |
|
Words: Musa e ba nakan. Gloss: Musa PRS cut meat Translation: Musa is cutting the meat. Contributor: Jason Kandybowicz |
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Words: Musa e gi nakan. Gloss: Musa PRS eat meat Translation: Musa is eating the meat. Contributor: Jason Kandybowicz |
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Nweh
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
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Occitan
|
Yes |
Patrick Sauzet |
|
|
Okinawan
|
No |
Ken Hiraiwa |
|
|
Old English
|
Yes |
Steve Seegmiller |
|
|
Old French
|
No |
Heather Burnett |
|
|
One
|
Yes |
Mark Donohue |
|
|
Palue
|
Yes |
Mark Donohue |
|
|
panjabi
|
No |
Gurprit Bains |
|
|
Papuan Malay
|
Yes |
Mark Donohue |
|
|
Pashto
|
No |
Taylor Roberts |
|
|
Pima
|
Yes |
Marcus Smith |
|
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+
Polish
|
Yes |
Barbara Tomaszewicz |
|
Words: Piotr kroi mięso. Gloss: Piotr.nom cut.3sg meat.acc Translation: Piotr is cutting meat. Contributor: Barbara Tomaszewicz |
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Q'anjob'al
|
Yes |
Kathleen O'Flynn |
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|
+
Romanian
|
Yes |
Oana Savescu |
|
Words: Au plantat pomi Gloss: have.AUX.PL .3 planted trees Translation: They planted trees. Comment: Romanian is a pro-drop language. Contributor: Oana Savescu |
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+
Russian
|
Yes |
Stephanie Harves |
|
Words: Ivan kupil knigu. Gloss: Ivan.NOM bought book.ACC Translation: Ivan bought a book. Contributor: Stephanie Harves |
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Salasaca Quichua
|
Yes |
Pieter Muysken |
|
|
Samoan
|
Yes |
Vincent Homer |
|
|
San Dionisio Ocotepec Zapotec
|
Yes |
George Aaron Broadwell |
|
|
Sandawe
|
No |
Helen Eaton |
|
|
Saramaccan
|
Yes |
Tonjes Veenstra |
|
|
Saweru
|
Yes |
Mark Donohue |
|
|
Scottish Gaelic
|
Yes |
Andrew Carnie |
|
|
Senaya
|
No |
Laura McPherson |
|
|
Shan
|
Yes |
Alif Silpachai |
|
|
Shupamem
|
Yes |
Abdoulaye Laziz Nchare |
|
|
Skou
|
Yes |
Mark Donohue |
|
|
Slovenian
|
Yes |
Franc Marušič |
|
|
+
Spanish
|
Yes |
Violeta Vazquez-Rojas |
|
Words: Juan limpió el espejo Gloss: J. clean.PST.3SG the.M mirror Translation: Juan cleaned the mirror Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas |
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St'át'imcets
|
Yes |
Lisa Matthewson |
|
|
+
Swedish
|
Yes |
fredrik heinat |
|
Words: Flickan äter en glass. Gloss: girl.DEF eats an ice-cream Translation: The girl is eating an ice-cream. Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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|
Swiss German
|
Yes |
Cecile Meier |
|
|
+
Tagalog
|
Yes |
Edith Aldridge |
|
Words: b ili nang kotse
Gloss: buy Obl car
Translation: bought a car
Contributor: Edith Aldridge
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|
|
Taiwanese Southern Min
|
Yes |
Arthur Wang |
|
|
+
Tarascan
|
Yes |
Violeta Vazquez-Rojas |
|
Words: Juan jota-h-ti ma wíchu-ni riata jimbó. Gloss: Juan tie-PFV-3 INDF dog-OBJ rope ADP Translation: 'Juan tied up the dog with a rope' Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas |
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Thai
|
Yes |
Peter Jenks |
|
|
+
Tigre
|
No |
Zhenyu Sun |
|
Words: təkabbat-att-om Gloss: meet-she-them Translation: ‘she met them’ Comment: Tigre grammar and texts / by Shlomo Raz. P39 Contributor: Zhenyu Sun |
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Comment: pronominal object markers follow V, but nominal objects must precede Contributor: Zhenyu Sun |
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Words: həbr-u mī tu Gloss: color-his what copula Translation: ‘What is his color (həbər)?’ Comment: The Semitic Language--- Weninger Stefan, P1147 Contributor: Zhenyu Sun |
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Titan
|
Yes |
Claire Bowern |
|
|
Tiwa
|
No |
Virginia Dawson |
|
|
+
Tlingit
|
Yes |
James Crippen |
|
Words: woonáa wé keitl Gloss: it(P).died DEM.MDIST dog Translation: that dog died Comment: Verb morphology: 0-wu-ÿa-náa 3P-PFV-CLF[−D,0,+I]-die Contributor: James Crippen |
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|
|
Tommo-So
|
No |
Laura McPherson |
|
|
Tongan
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
|
Triqui, Copala
|
Yes |
George Aaron Broadwell |
|
|
Tukang Besi
|
Yes |
Mark Donohue |
|
|
+
Tuki (Tukombo)
|
Yes |
Edmond Biloa |
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Words: Mbárá a- dinga- ḿ Putá Gloss: Mbara SM- love- IND Puta Translation: Mbara loves Puta Contributor: Edmond Biloa |
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Words: nya manya móó Gloss: eat food 2.POSS Translation: Eat your food Comment: As shown, the order is Verb Object in imperative constructions as well. Contributor: Edmond Biloa |
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Turkish
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Yes |
Murat Kural |
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Tuvan
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No |
Brian Hsu |
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Twi
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Yes |
Chris Collins |
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Udmurt
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No |
Orsolya Tanczos |
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Ukrainian
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Yes |
Roksolana Mykhaylyk |
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Words: Taras napysav dopovid' Gloss: Taras wrote report Translation: Taras wrote a report Contributor: Roksolana Mykhaylyk |
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Vata
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Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
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Words: n le bI sakaa Gloss: I eat.IPFV now rice.D Translation: I am eating the rice now Comment: V-O is not a surface constituent Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
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Vietnamese
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Yes |
Binh Ngo |
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Words: Tôi thấy một con chó. Gloss: I see one CLF dog Translation: "I saw a dog." Contributor: Binh Ngo |
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Vlaški-Žejanski-Istro-Romanian
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Yes |
Zvjezdana Vrzic |
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Wan
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No |
Tatiana Nikitina |
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Welsh
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Yes |
David Willis |
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West Flemish
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Yes |
Liliane Haegeman |
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Western Armenian
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Yes |
Hrayr Khanjian |
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Wolof
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Yes |
Harold Torrence |
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Yan-nhaŋu
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Yes |
Claire Bowern |
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Yawa
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Yes |
Mark Donohue |
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Yiddish
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Yes |
Shannon Mooney |
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Words: Der man lejent dos bux. Gloss: the.M.SG.NOM man read.3SG the.M.ACC book.SG Translation: "The man is reading the book." Contributor: Shannon Mooney |
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Yoruba
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Yes |
Johnson Folorunso Ilori |
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Words: Akin ń gbá ilẹ̀ Gloss: Akin prog sweep ground/floor Translation: 'Akin is sweeping the floor.' Comment: 'gbá' here is the verb while 'ilẹ̀' is its object. Contributor: Johnson Folorunso Ilori |
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Zulu
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Yes |
Esther Park |
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Words: U-Sipho u-fund-e isi-fundo. Gloss: 1a-Sipho 1a-study-PRF 7-lesson Translation: 'Sipho has studied a lesson.' Contributor: Esther Park |
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