C 02_Clause Complementizer
| Definition |
|---|
| The property Clause Complementizer has the value "yes" when there is at least one complementizer that follows its clause. As with all word order properties, we restrict our attention to productive word order patterns. Definition of Complementizer General Note on Word Order Properties: A "yes" value for Clause Complementizer does not exclude a "yes" value for Complementizer Clause. NA (Not Applicable): This property is defined for a language if there are overt complementizers. If a language does not have overt complementizers, this property has the value NA. 1. English is "no" for Clause Complementizer since this order is always ungrammatical: *I said John left that *I asked John left if (* means ungrammatical) 2. Japanese is "yes" for the property Clause Complemetizer: boku-wa John-ga kaet-ta to it-ta. (to = complementizer) 1SG-TOP John-NOM leave-PST COMP say-PST "I said that John left." boku-wa John-ga kaet-ta ka tazune-ta. (ka = complementizer) 1SG-TOP John-NOM leave-PST COMP ask-PST "I asked if John left." |
| Contributed by: Andrea Cattaneo, Chris Collins, Jim Wood |
| Language | Value | Contributor | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| =Hoan | No | Chris Collins | |
| Acehnese | No | Julie Legate | |
| Afrikaans | No | Theresa Biberauer | |
| + Albanian | No | Dalina Kallulli | |
| American Sign Language | NA | Natasha Abner | |
| Amharic | No | Girma Demeke | |
| Ancient Greek | No | Richard Faure | |
| Arabic, Gulf | NA | Dimitrios Ntelitheos | |
| Bajau, West Coast | No | Mark Miller | |
| Bambara | No | Bryan Villa | |
| Bandial | Yes | Wolfgang Berndt | |
| Bardi | No | Claire Bowern | |
| Basaa | No | Paul Roger Bassong | |
| Basque | NA | Karlos Arregi | |
| + Bellinzonese | No | Andrea Cattaneo | |
| Beng | No | Denis Paperno | |
| Bengali | No | Satarupa Das | |
| Bole | No | Alhaji Gimba | |
| Brazilian Portuguese | No | Bruna Moreira | |
| Breton | No | Steve Hewitt | |
| Bulgarian | No | Iliana Krapova | |
| Burgenland-Romani | No | Michelle McComb | |
| Burmese | Yes | Timothy Ho | |
| Calabrian (Northern) | No | Giuseppina Silvestri | |
| Catalan | No | Txuss Martin | |
| Chalcatongo Mixtec | No | Jess Combs | |
| Chichewa | No | Sam Mchombo | |
| Chickasaw | Yes | Pam Munro | |
| Chol | No | Jessica Coon | |
| Czech | No | Peter Kosta | |
| Dagaare | No | Adams Bodomo | |
| Dholuo | No | Hilda Koopman | |
| Digo | No | Steve Nicolle | |
| Digor Ossetic | No | David Erschler | |
| Dutch | No | Hilda Koopman | |
| Eastern Armenian | No | Karine Megerdoomian | |
| English | No | Chris Collins | |
| English (Singapore) | No | Adam Chong | |
| Estonian | No | Mark Norris | |
| European Portuguese | No | Salvador Mascarenhas | |
| Ewe | No | Chris Collins | |
| Farefari | No | Mary Esther Kropp Dakubu | |
| Faroese | No | Gunnar Hrafn Hrafnbjargarson | |
| Fijian | No | Zhenyu Sun | |
| Finnish | No | Anders Holmberg | |
| French | No | Chris Collins | |
| Frisian (West Frisian) | No | Jarich Hoekstra | |
| Ga | No | Mary Esther Kropp Dakubu | |
| galician | No | Naír García | |
| Garifuna | No | Teresa O'Neill (contributor till 2012) | |
| georgian | No | Lea Nash | |
| German | No | Chris Collins | |
| + Greek | No | Arhonto Terzi | |
| Greenlandic, West (Kalaallisut) | NA | Stephen Mayeaux | Subordination is marked by verbal inflection alone in West Greenlandic. This suggests that the language lacks overt complementizers. |
| Gungbe (Porto-Novo) | No | Enoch Oladé Aboh | |
| Gurene | No | Samuel Atintono | |
| Haitian | No | Michel DeGraff | |
| Hakka | No | Iris Wu | |
| Hanga | No | Geoffrey Hunt | |
| Hausa | No | Michael A. Estrada | |
| Hebrew | No | Ur Shlonsky | |
| Hindi | No | Gurprit Bains | |
| Hittite | No | Mattyas Huggard | |
| + Hixkaryana | NA | Laura Kalin | |
| + Hungarian | Yes | Anna Szabolcsi | |
| Ibibio | No | Willie Willie | |
| Icelandic | No | Jim Wood | |
| Igala | No | Johnson Folorunso Ilori | |
| Ilokano | Yes | Jeremy Rafal | |
| imbabura quichua | NA | UCLA Linguistics 210 | |
| Indonesian | No | Mark Donohue | |
| Irish | No | Bridget Nixdorf | |
| Iron Ossetic | No | David Erschler | |
| Isbukun Bunun | No | Iris Wu | |
| Italian | No | Andrea Cattaneo | |
| Jamaican Creole English | No | Stephanie Durrleman | |
| + Japanese | Yes | Ken Hiraiwa | |
| Jarawara | NA | Alan Vogel | |
| Jingulu | No | Rob Pensalfini | |
| Karachay | Yes | Steve Seegmiller | |
| Khasi | No | Gracious Temsen | |
| KiLega | No | Kasangati Kinyalolo | |
| Kindendeule | No | Deo Ngonyani | |
| Kiswahili | No | Aggrey Wasike | |
| Kiyaka | No | Lukowa Kidima | |
| Konni | No | Michael Cahill | |
| + Korean | Yes | Chung-hye Han | |
| Kuot | No | Eva Lindström | |
| Kurdish (Sorani) | No | Yadgar Karimi | |
| Kusunda | No | Mark Donohue | |
| Laal | No | Florian Lionnet | |
| Lango | No | Arwa Rangwala | |
| Lani | Yes | Mark Donohue | |
| Lao | No | Alif Silpachai | |
| Lebanese Arabic | No | Lina Choueiri | |
| Lubukusu | No | Aggrey Wasike | |
| Maasai (Kisongo) | No | Hilda Koopman | |
| Malagasy | No | Ed Keenan and Laura Kalin | |
| Mandarin | NA | Arthur Wang | |
| Maori | NA | Ray Harlow | |
| + Marshallese | No | Heather Willson Sturman | |
| Masarak | NA | Jessica Chen | |
| Medumba | No | KEUPDJIO HERMANN SIDOINE | |
| Middle Dutch | No | Gertjan Postma | |
| Miya | No | Michael A. Estrada | |
| Nahuatl (Central Huasteca) | No | John Garcia | |
| Nahuatl (Classical) | No | John Garcia | |
| Naki | No | Jeff Good | |
| Nawdm | No | Hannah Kim | |
| Ndut | No | Daniel Morgan | |
| Nepali | No | Mark Donohue | |
| Nez Perce | No | Amy Rose Deal | |
| Northern Thai | No | Alif Silpachai | |
| Norwegian | No | Marit Julien | |
| + Nupe | Yes | Jason Kandybowicz | |
| Nweh | No | Hilda Koopman | |
| Occitan | No | Patrick Sauzet | |
| Odia (Oriya) | Yes | Rajat Mohanty | |
| Oevdalian | Yes | Piotr Garbacz | |
| Okinawan | Yes | Ken Hiraiwa | |
| Old English | No | Willem Koopman | |
| Old French | No | Heather Burnett | |
| Oluwanga | No | Dimitrios Ntelitheos | |
| One | Yes | Mark Donohue | |
| Palue | No | Mark Donohue | |
| panjabi | Yes | Gurprit Bains | |
| Papuan Malay | No | Mark Donohue | |
| Pashto | No | Taylor Roberts | |
| Pima | No | Marcus Smith | |
| Polish | No | Barbara Tomaszewicz | |
| Q'anjob'al | No | Kathleen O'Flynn | |
| Romanian | No | Oana Savescu | |
| + Russian | No | Stephanie Harves | |
| Salasaca Quichua | Yes | Pieter Muysken | |
| Samoan | No | Vincent Homer | |
| San Dionisio Ocotepec Zapotec | No | George Aaron Broadwell | |
| Sandawe | Yes | Helen Eaton | |
| Scottish Gaelic | No | Andrew Carnie | |
| Serbian | No | Miloje Despic | |
| + Shupamem | Yes | Abdoulaye Laziz Nchare | |
| Skou | Yes | Mark Donohue | |
| Slovenian | No | Franc Marušič | |
| + Spanish | No | Violeta Vazquez-Rojas | |
| + Swedish | No | fredrik heinat | |
| Swiss German | No | Cecile Meier | |
| Tagalog | No | Edith Aldridge | |
| Taiwanese Southern Min | No | Arthur Wang | |
| Tarascan | No | Violeta Vazquez-Rojas | |
| Thai | No | Peter Jenks | |
| Tigre | NA | Zhenyu Sun | |
| Titan | Yes | Claire Bowern | |
| Tlingit | Yes | James Crippen | |
| + Tommo-So | Yes | Laura McPherson | |
| Tongan | No | Hilda Koopman | |
| Triqui, Copala | No | George Aaron Broadwell | |
| Tukang Besi | No | Mark Donohue | |
| Tuki (Tukombo) | No | Edmond Biloa | |
| Turkish | NA | Murat Kural | Or more like "maybe": I argued in "V to (I to ) C in Turkish: in UCLA Occasional Papers vol 11, that one of the morphological elements found attached to a verb, outside of tense but inside of agreement is potentially a complementizer incorporated into the verb. This is by no means a widely accepted opinion, so I am leaving this as "N/A". But I believe argument can be made for a clause-complementizer order in Turkish ... with potentially a nominalizing effect on the subordinate clause. |
| + Tuvan | Yes | Brian Hsu | |
| Twi | No | Chris Collins | |
| Udmurt | Yes | Orsolya Tanczos | |
| Ukrainian | No | Roksolana Mykhaylyk | |
| + Vata | No | Hilda Koopman | |
| Vlaški-Žejanski-Istro-Romanian | No | Zvjezdana Vrzic | |
| Welsh | No | David Willis | |
| West Flemish | No | Liliane Haegeman | |
| Western Armenian | Yes | Hrayr Khanjian | |
| + Wolane | Yes | Hannah Kim | |
| Wolof | No | Harold Torrence | |
| Yan-nhaŋu | No | Claire Bowern | |
| Yawa | Yes | Mark Donohue | |
| Yiddish | No | Shannon Mooney | |
| Yoruba | No | Johnson Folorunso Ilori | |
| Zulu | No | Claire Halpert |