| Language |
Value |
Contributor |
Comments |
|
=Hoan
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
|
|
Abaza
|
No |
Brian O'Herin |
|
|
+
Acehnese
|
Yes |
Julie Legate |
|
Words: Fatimah ji-taguen sie bak dapu Gloss: Fatimah 3(familiar)-cook meat at kitchen Translation: Fatimah cooked the meat in the kitchen Contributor: Julie Legate |
|
|
|
|
Adyghe
|
No |
Yury Lander |
|
|
+
Afrikaans
|
Yes |
Theresa Biberauer |
|
Words: in die woud Gloss: in the forest Translation: in the forest Comment: Prepositions are the dominant form of adposition in Afrikaans. They often have locative semantics, although there are exceptions (e.g. "na" meaning "to(wards)"). Contributor: Theresa Biberauer |
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|
|
Words: na die kant toe Gloss: after the side towards Translation: to the side Comment: Prepositions may combine with postpositions to create circumpositional structures. Some circumpositional structures are optional ("na die kant toe" could also be realised as "na die kant" without loss of the directional meaning), but there are some fixed pre+postpositional combinations where the adpositions form an obligatory unit (e.g. op hulle na - on them after, "except for them"). Contributor: Theresa Biberauer |
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|
|
|
Agni indénié
|
No |
Amoikon Dyhié ASSANVO |
|
|
+
Albanian
|
Yes |
Dalina Kallulli |
|
Words: Me kënaqësi Gloss: with pleasure Translation: with pleasure Contributor: Dalina Kallulli |
|
|
|
|
American Sign Language
|
Yes |
Natasha Abner |
FROM CALIFORNIA |
|
+
Amharic
|
Yes |
Girma Demeke |
|
Words: kä-addis abäba Gloss: from-Addis Ababa Translation: 'from Addis Ababa' Contributor: Girma Demeke |
|
|
|
|
+
Ancient Greek
|
Yes |
Richard Faure |
|
Words: perì tôn theôn Gloss: about art-GEN.M.PL god-GEN.PL Translation: about the gods Comment: Plato Euthyphro, 6a Contributor: Richard Faure |
|
|
|
|
+
Arabic, Gulf
|
Yes |
Dimitrios Ntelitheos |
|
Words: Ahmed nesaa al-ketaab 3la 6-6awlah Gloss: Ahmed forget.PST DET-book on DET-table Translation: Ahmed forgot the book on the table Contributor: Dimitrios Ntelitheos |
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|
|
|
Bajau, West Coast
|
Yes |
Mark Miller |
|
|
Bambara
|
No |
Bryan Villa |
|
|
Bandial
|
Yes |
Wolfgang Berndt |
|
|
Bardi
|
NA |
Claire Bowern |
|
|
+
Basaa
|
Yes |
Paul Roger Bassong |
|
Words: ɓàúdú ɓá- ń- tilá ni bisáó Gloss: 2students 2SM-PRES-write with 8pens Translation: The students write with pens Contributor: Paul Roger Bassong |
|
|
|
|
Basque
|
No |
Karlos Arregi |
|
|
+
Bellinzonese
|
Yes |
Andrea Cattaneo |
|
Words: (La cà) dal Mario Gloss: (the house) of.ART.SG.M Mario Translation: (The house) of Mario Contributor: Andrea Cattaneo |
|
|
|
|
Beng
|
No |
Denis Paperno |
|
|
Bengali
|
No |
Satarupa Das |
|
|
+
Bole
|
Yes |
Alhaji Gimba |
|
Words: Ishi dowu ga ko dawun Gloss: he sit (pfv) LOC on mat Translation: he sat on a mat Comment: Adpositions in Bole require the locative "ga" before the preposition. Contributor: Alhaji Gimba |
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|
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+
Brazilian Portuguese
|
Yes |
Bruna Moreira |
|
Words: Fomos a-o cinema Gloss: Went.1PL to-the.M movies Translation: We went to the movies Contributor: Bruna Moreira |
|
|
|
|
Breton
|
Yes |
Steve Hewitt |
|
|
+
Bulgarian
|
Yes |
Iliana Krapova |
|
Words: Plamen otid-e do Varna s kola-ta Gloss: Plamen go.PFV-AOR.3.SG to Varna with car-DEF.SG.F Translation: Plamen drove to Varna Contributor: Ljuba Veselinova |
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|
|
|
Burgenland-Romani
|
Yes |
Michelle McComb |
|
|
Burmese
|
No |
Timothy Ho |
|
|
Calabrian (Northern)
|
Yes |
Giuseppina Silvestri |
|
|
Catalan
|
Yes |
Txuss Martin |
|
|
+
Chalcatongo Mixtec
|
Yes |
Jess Combs |
|
Words: Kù kaka=žó ondé San Miguel Gloss: Be.able walk=1PL up.to San Miguel Translation: ‘We can walk to San Miguel’ Contributor: Jess Combs |
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|
|
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+
Chichewa
|
Yes |
Sam Mchombo |
|
Words: afisi a-ku-séwéra ndí mikango Gloss: hyenas 2SM-pres-play with lions Translation: (the) hyenas are playing with (the) lions Comment: ndí (with, and) is the only preposition. Locative pa (on) ku (at) and mu (in) are not real prepositions in that they create locative nouns Contributor: Sam Mchombo |
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|
|
|
Chickasaw
|
NA |
Pam Munro |
|
|
+
Chol
|
Yes |
Jessica Coon |
|
Words: tyi wäy-i-yoñ tyi ab Gloss: COMPL sleep-INTR-1ABS PREP hammock Translation: I slept in a hammock. Contributor: Jessica Coon |
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|
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+
Czech
|
Yes |
Peter Kosta |
|
Words: na stole Gloss: on table.loc Translation: on the table (static location) Comment: An example of a spatial prepositional phrase. Contributor: Pavel Caha |
|
|
|
Words: s Petrem Gloss: with Petr.ins Translation: with Petr (accompaniment only) Comment: an example of a non-spatial preposition Contributor: Pavel Caha |
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|
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|
+
Dagaare
|
Yes |
Adams Bodomo |
|
Words: DEre ngmaa la nEne ne sUO Gloss: Dere cut.PERF foc mean with knife Translation: DEre cut meat with a knife Comment: There are very few of such prepositions in Dagaare; mostly the language uses body-part postpositions. Contributor: Adams Bodomo |
|
|
|
|
Dholuo
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
|
+
Digo
|
Yes |
Steve Nicolle |
|
Words: ka-ya-gomba na mutu Gloss: 3SG.NEG-PST-speak COM CL1.person Translation: he did not speak to (with) anyone Comment: The comitative marker na functions here as a preposition. Contributor: Steve Nicolle |
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|
|
Words: u-chere ndani ya madzi Gloss: 2SG-PERSISITIVE inside CL9.ASS CL6.water Translation: you (sg) are still in the water Comment: The preposition consists of the locative noun ndani (inside) plus the class 9 form of the associative marker. Contributor: Steve Nicolle |
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|
|
|
+
Digor Ossetic
|
Yes |
David Erschler |
There is only one preposition, 'without'. |
Words: ɐnɐ mɐ=lɐg Gloss: without POSS.1SG=man Translation: without my husband Contributor: David Erschler |
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|
|
Words: [dor-i raž-i] is-bad-idɐ Gloss: stone-OBL front-OBL PRV-sit-SUB.PRS.3SG Translation: 'S/he used to sit down in front of the stone.' Comment: SUB subjunctive, the present subjunctive often means iterative in the past. Contributor: David Erschler |
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|
|
|
+
Dutch
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
Words: Jan woont in een groot huis Gloss: John lives in a big house Translation: John is living in a big house. Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
|
Eastern Armenian
|
Yes |
Karine Megerdoomian |
|
|
Egyptian Arabic
|
Yes |
Arwa Rangwala |
|
|
English
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
|
|
English (Singapore)
|
Yes |
Adam Chong |
|
|
Estonian
|
Yes |
Mark Norris |
|
|
+
European Portuguese
|
Yes |
Salvador Mascarenhas |
|
Words: Dei um livro a-o João Gloss: gave.1SG a book to-the.M João Translation: I gave a book to João Contributor: Salvador Mascarenhas |
|
|
|
|
Ewe
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
|
|
+
Farefari
|
Yes |
Mary Esther Kropp Dakubu |
|
Words: A kini wuu bã’ara Gloss: 3SG go.IPFV like sick.person Translation: He is walking like a sick person Comment: There are only two or three prepositions in the language Contributor: Mary Esther Kropp Dakubu |
|
|
|
|
+
Faroese
|
Yes |
Gunnar Hrafn Hrafnbjargarson |
|
|
|
|
|
|
+
Fijian
|
Yes |
Zhenyu Sun |
|
Words: e na ruku ni vūnikāū Gloss: ABL DEF under POS tree Translation: 'under the tree' Contributor: Zhenyu Sun |
|
|
|
|
+
Finnish
|
Yes |
Anders Holmberg |
|
Words: kohti talo-a Gloss: towards house-PART Translation: towards the/a house Comment: There are both postpositions and prepositions. The prepositions are few (about ten). They can all alternatively follow the noun. Most of them take a complement noun with partitive case, while the 'pure' postpositions are constructed with a noun in genitive case. Contributor: Anders Holmberg |
|
|
|
|
+
French
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
|
Words: Le chat est sur le lit. Gloss: DEF-DET-M cat be-PRS LOC DEF-DET-M bed Translation: The cat is on the bed. Contributor: Hannah Kim |
|
|
|
|
Frisian (West Frisian)
|
Yes |
Jarich Hoekstra |
|
|
+
Ga
|
Yes |
Mary Esther Kropp Dakubu |
|
Words: E-fo brodo kɛ kakla Gloss: 3SG-cut bread with knife Translation: She cut bread with a knife Comment: kɛ is the only real preposition in this language, and always in this function indicates an instrument Contributor: Mary Esther Kropp Dakubu |
|
|
|
|
galician
|
Yes |
Naír García |
|
|
+
Garifuna
|
Yes |
Teresa O'Neill (contributor till 2012) |
|
Words: t-abu gabara Gloss: 3SG.F-with goat Translation: with (a) goat Comment: This 'with' is not the canonical commititave. It indicates that the object is being strung along unwillingly. Contributor: Teresa O'Neill (contributor till 2012) |
|
|
|
|
georgian
|
No |
Lea Nash |
|
|
German
|
Yes |
Martin Haspelmath |
|
|
+
Greek
|
Yes |
Arhonto Terzi |
|
Words: Me megali efxaristisi Gloss: with big pleasure Translation: with great pleasure Contributor: Arhonto Terzi |
|
|
|
|
Greenlandic, West (Kalaallisut)
|
No |
Stephen Mayeaux |
|
|
Gungbe (Porto-Novo)
|
Yes |
Enoch Oladé Aboh |
|
|
Gurene
|
Yes |
Samuel Atintono |
|
|
Haitian
|
Yes |
Michel DeGraff |
|
|
Hakka
|
Yes |
Iris Wu |
|
|
Hanga
|
No |
Geoffrey Hunt |
|
|
Hausa
|
Yes |
Russell Schuh |
|
|
+
Hebrew
|
Yes |
Ur Shlonsky |
|
Words: Gabi yaSav 9al kise Gloss: Gabi sat-PST on chair Translation: Gabi sat on a chair Contributor: Ur Shlonsky |
|
|
|
|
Hindi
|
No |
Gurprit Bains |
|
|
Hittite
|
Yes |
Mattyas Huggard |
|
|
Hixkaryana
|
No |
Laura Kalin |
|
|
Hungarian
|
No |
Anna Szabolcsi |
|
|
Ibibio
|
Yes |
Willie Willie |
|
|
+
Icelandic
|
Yes |
Jim Wood |
|
Words: í hús-inu Gloss: in house-the.DAT.SG.N Translation: In the house. Contributor: Jim Wood |
|
|
|
|
Igala
|
Yes |
Johnson Folorunso Ilori |
|
|
Iha
|
Yes |
Mark Donohue |
|
|
+
Ilokano
|
Yes |
Jeremy Rafal |
|
Words: Nag-kanta-ak para kenni Maria. Gloss: ACTVOC-sing-1SG for OBL Maria Translation: I sang for Mary. Contributor: Jeremy Rafal |
|
|
|
Words: N-ag-kanta-ak para kenni Maria. Gloss: PFV-ACTVOC-sing-1SG for OBL Mary Translation: I sang for Mary. Comment: ACTVOC = Actor Voice Contributor: Jeremy Rafal |
|
|
|
|
imbabura quichua
|
No |
UCLA Linguistics 210 |
|
|
+
Indonesian
|
Yes |
Mark Donohue |
|
Words: di rumah Gloss: in house Translation: 'in the house' Contributor: Daniel Kaufman |
|
|
|
Words: ke kali Gloss: to river Translation: 'to the river' Contributor: Daniel Kaufman |
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|
|
|
+
Irish
|
Yes |
Bridget Nixdorf |
|
Words: Chuaigh Cáit tri gheata. Gloss: Went Cáit through gate Translation: 'Cáit went through a gate.' Contributor: Bridget Nixdorf |
|
|
|
|
Iron Ossetic
|
Yes |
David Erschler |
|
|
Isbukun Bunun
|
Yes |
Iris Wu |
|
|
Italian
|
Yes |
Andrea Cattaneo |
|
|
Jamaican Creole English
|
Yes |
Tonjes Veenstra |
|
|
Japanese
|
No |
Ken Hiraiwa |
|
|
Jarawara
|
No |
Alan Vogel |
|
|
Jingulu
|
NA |
Rob Pensalfini |
|
|
Karachay
|
No |
Steve Seegmiller |
|
|
Kayan
|
Yes |
Ken Manson |
|
|
+
Khasi
|
Yes |
Gracious Temsen |
|
Words: ŋa-bo:ʔ ya-ka-kɔt ha-lɔ:r-ka-me:c Gloss: 1sg-put acc-f-book loc-surface-f-table Translation: “I put the book on the table” Contributor: Gracious Temsen |
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|
|
|
KiLega
|
Yes |
Kasangati Kinyalolo |
|
|
Kindendeule
|
Yes |
Deo Ngonyani |
|
|
+
Kiswahili
|
Yes |
Aggrey Wasike |
|
Words: katika shamba la wa-nyama Gloss: in farm of CLS2PRF-animal Translation: in the animal farm (in the farm of animals) Contributor: Aggrey Wasike |
|
|
|
|
Kiyaka
|
Yes |
Lukowa Kidima |
|
|
Konni
|
NA |
Michael Cahill |
|
|
Korean
|
No |
Chung-hye Han |
|
|
Kuot
|
Yes |
Eva Lindström |
|
|
+
Kurdish (Sorani)
|
Yes |
Yadgar Karimi |
|
Words: (min) chu-m bo qutabxane Gloss: (I) go.PST-1SG to school Translation: I went to school. Contributor: Yadgar Karimi |
|
|
|
|
Kusunda
|
No |
Mark Donohue |
|
|
Laal
|
Yes |
Florian Lionnet |
|
|
+
Lango
|
Yes |
Arwa Rangwala |
|
Words: lócə̀ òwòtò tú bòt dákô Gloss: man 3S.walk.PRF toward to woman Translation: the man walked toward the woman (Noonan 1992: 171 ex 3.) Contributor: Arwa Rangwala |
|
|
|
|
Lani
|
No |
Mark Donohue |
|
|
+
Lao
|
Yes |
Alif Silpachai |
|
Words: khoi mii muu laai khon yuu hoong-hian Gloss: 1SG have friend many CLF at school Translation: I have a lot of friends at school Contributor: Alif Silpachai |
|
|
|
|
Lebanese Arabic
|
Yes |
Lina Choueiri |
|
|
Lubukusu
|
Yes |
Aggrey Wasike |
|
|
+
Maasai (Kisongo)
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
There is a single generalized P |
Words: t-oo l-ayiok Gloss: P-PL.MS D.PL.boy.PL.NOM Translation: (with, for, by, at, etc.) the boys Comment: t- is an all purpose P, followed by an agreement marker, with common noun objects. (agreement with the prepositional object in number and gender) . The preposiitonal object itself carries nominative case, expressed as a tonal pattern (prefix/suffix); The form is te/ti before proper nouns/pronouns/nouns without gender prefix. (Tucker Mpaayei, p. 42) Contributor: Hilda Koopman |
|
|
|
|
+
Malagasy
|
Yes |
Ed Keenan and Laura Kalin |
|
Words: ambonin'ny latabatra Gloss: on.top.of'DET table Translation: on top of the table Comment: The apostrophe is standard Malagasy orthography. Contributor: Ed Keenan and Laura Kalin |
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|
|
|
Malayalam
|
No |
Mythili Menon |
|
|
+
Mandarin
|
Yes |
Arthur Wang |
|
Words: cong Taipei Gloss: from Taipei Translation: from Taipei Contributor: Arthur Wang |
|
|
|
|
Mankanya
|
Yes |
Tim Gaved |
|
|
+
Maori
|
Yes |
Ray Harlow |
|
Words: ki te kura Gloss: to the school Translation: ‘to the school’ Contributor: Zhenyu Sun |
|
|
|
Words: i te kaapata Gloss: at the cupboard Translation: ‘in the cupboard’ Contributor: Zhenyu Sun |
|
|
|
|
+
Marshallese
|
Yes |
Heather Willson Sturman |
|
Words: Ri-eonōd ro re=j turon ilo lomaļo eo. Gloss: one.who-fish the.PL.HUMAN 3PL.AGR=PRS dive in lagoon the.SG Translation: The fishermen are diving in the lagoon. Contributor: Heather Willson Sturman |
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|
|
|
Masarak
|
No |
Jessica Chen |
|
|
Mbuko
|
Yes |
Richard Gravina |
|
|
+
Medumba
|
Yes |
KEUPDJIO HERMANN SIDOINE |
|
Words: á kú? nùm tú`bà? Gloss: He climb on head house Translation: He climbed on the roof Comment: (? is glottal stop) Contributor: KEUPDJIO HERMANN SIDOINE |
|
|
|
|
+
Middle Dutch
|
Yes |
Gertjan Postma |
This is the standard order |
Words: Tes hi quam te Maupertus /Ende vant Reynaerde in zijn huus Gloss: Until he came at Maupertus/ and found Reinaert in his house Translation: Until he came at Maupertus and found Reinaert at home Comment: prepositions are the common case of appositions; prepositions govern the dative, accusative or genitive case Contributor: Gertjan Postma |
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|
|
|
+
Miya
|
Yes |
Michael A. Estrada |
|
Words: ənáa zh̀aakə Gloss: with donkey Translation: 'with a donkey' Contributor: Michael A. Estrada |
|
|
|
|
N|u
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
|
|
+
Nahuatl (Central Huasteca)
|
Yes |
John Garcia |
|
Words: i-pan i-ilhuih Gloss: 3SG.POSS-on 3SG.POSS-festival Translation: "on his/her festival" Comment: Language Consultant: Eduardo de la Cruz Contributor: John Garcia |
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|
|
|
Nahuatl (Classical)
|
Yes |
John Garcia |
|
|
Naki
|
Yes |
Jeff Good |
|
|
+
Nawdm
|
Yes |
Hannah Kim |
|
Words: k͡͡pɛ̀lé ɛ̀n náŋk͡pàʔé ʔènàːʔé Gloss: table with leg-cl(pl) cl-four-cl Translation: 'a table with four legs' (MB2/19 6). Comment: The only candidate for adposition here is En. All setting and examples come from the database from a two quarter fieldmethods class at UCLA in 1998. (Albro, 1998) Contributor: Hannah Kim |
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|
|
|
Ndut
|
Yes |
Daniel Morgan |
|
|
Nepali
|
No |
Mark Donohue |
|
|
Nez Perce
|
No |
Amy Rose Deal |
|
|
+
Northern Thai
|
Yes |
Alif Silpachai |
|
Words: siaw haa nang yuu nai huean Gloss: friend 1SG sit stay in house Translation: My friend is sitting inside the house Contributor: Alif Silpachai |
|
|
|
|
Norwegian
|
Yes |
Marit Julien |
|
|
+
Nupe
|
Yes |
Jason Kandybowicz |
|
Words: daga Nigeria Gloss: from Nigeria Translation: from Nigeria Contributor: Jason Kandybowicz |
|
|
|
Words: be ebi yin Gloss: with knife INS Translation: 'with a knife' Contributor: Jason Kandybowicz |
|
|
|
|
Nweh
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
|
Odia (Oriya)
|
Yes |
Rajat Mohanty |
|
|
Okinawan
|
No |
Ken Hiraiwa |
|
|
+
Old English
|
Yes |
Willem Koopman |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Old French
|
Yes |
Heather Burnett |
|
|
Oluwanga
|
Yes |
Dimitrios Ntelitheos |
|
|
One
|
Yes |
Mark Donohue |
|
|
Palue
|
Yes |
Mark Donohue |
|
|
panjabi
|
No |
Gurprit Bains |
|
|
Papuan Malay
|
Yes |
Mark Donohue |
|
|
+
Pashto
|
Yes |
Taylor Roberts |
|
Words: dee asad laas Gloss: POSS Asad hand Translation: Asad's hand Comment: Tegey and Robson 1996: 153. One of only two prepositions in the language; aside from a single postposition, the remaining adpositions are ambipositions/circumpositions. Contributor: Taylor Roberts |
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|
|
Words: pe tshaarre Gloss: INS knife Translation: with/by means of a knife Comment: Tegey and Robson 1996: 154. One of only two prepositions in the language; aside from a single postposition, the remaining adpositions are ambipositions/circumpositions. Contributor: Taylor Roberts |
|
|
|
|
Pima
|
Yes |
Marcus Smith |
|
|
+
Polish
|
Yes |
Barbara Tomaszewicz |
|
Words: na stole Gloss: on table.loc Translation: on the table (static location) Comment: spatial prepositional phrases Contributor: Barbara Tomaszewicz |
|
|
|
Words: z Piotrem Gloss: with Peter.ins Translation: with Peter (as a companion) Comment: non-spatial prepositional phrase Contributor: Barbara Tomaszewicz |
|
|
|
|
Q'anjob'al
|
Yes |
Kathleen O'Flynn |
|
|
+
Romanian
|
Yes |
Oana Savescu |
|
Words: Maria a plecat la magazin Gloss: Mary has gone to store Translation: "Mary has gone to the store" Contributor: Oana Savescu |
|
|
|
|
+
Russian
|
Yes |
Stephanie Harves |
|
Words: v restorane Gloss: in restaurant.PREP Translation: in a/the restaurant Contributor: Stephanie Harves |
|
|
|
|
Salasaca Quichua
|
No |
Pieter Muysken |
|
|
Samoan
|
Yes |
Vincent Homer |
|
|
San Dionisio Ocotepec Zapotec
|
Yes |
George Aaron Broadwell |
|
|
Sandawe
|
No |
Helen Eaton |
|
|
Saweru
|
Yes |
Mark Donohue |
|
|
Scottish Gaelic
|
Yes |
David Adger |
|
|
Senaya
|
Yes |
Laura McPherson |
|
|
Serbian
|
Yes |
Miloje Despic |
|
|
+
Shupamem
|
Yes |
Abdoulaye Laziz Nchare |
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Words: na paa ma ndap Gloss: mother be.PRES. at house Translation: The mother is at home Comment: 'Ma' is the most general locative preposition. Contributor: Abdoulaye Laziz Nchare |
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Words: mfon kut ndap nkop nke Gloss: King buid-PST house near river Translation: The king built a house near a river Comment: A bare noun is either definite or indefinite. Contributor: Abdoulaye Laziz Nchare |
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Words: lera won ma ndale ndia'a Gloss: teacher go.PST to school today Translation: The teacher went to school today. Contributor: Abdoulaye Laziz Nchare |
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Skou
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Yes |
Mark Donohue |
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Slovenian
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Yes |
Franc Marušič |
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Spanish
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Yes |
Violeta Vazquez-Rojas |
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Words: El libro está sobre la mesa Gloss: the.M book be.PRS.3SG on the.F table Translation: The book is on the table Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas |
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St'át'imcets
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Yes |
Lisa Matthewson |
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Swedish
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Yes |
fredrik heinat |
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Words: Flickan satt på bänken. Gloss: girl.DEF sat on bench.def Translation: The girl sat on the bench. Contributor: fredrik heinat |
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Swiss German
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Yes |
Cecile Meier |
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Tagalog
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Yes |
Edith Aldridge |
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Words: sa bahay Gloss: P house Translation: 'in the house'/'at home' Contributor: Edith Aldridge |
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Taiwanese Southern Min
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Yes |
Arthur Wang |
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Words: ti taipak Gloss: in Taipei Translation: in Taipei Contributor: Arthur Wang |
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Tarascan
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No |
Violeta Vazquez-Rojas |
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Words: *Saulina u-h-ti churipu jimpó tsúntsu jimbáni-ni Gloss: Saulina make-PFV-3 soup ADP pot new-OBJ Translation: Intended: Saulina made soup in the new pot Comment: 'jimpó' is a postposition. It requires accusative (objective) case in its complement NP. Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas |
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Words: *Pegru jura-h-ti khwíndikwa-rhu jingóni Juánu-ni. Gloss: Pedro come-PFV-3 party-LOC ADP Juan-OBJ Translation: Intended: 'Pedro came to the party with Juan' Comment: 'jingóni' is a postposition with comitative meaning. It requires (objective) accusative case marking on its complement NP. Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas |
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Thai
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Yes |
Peter Jenks |
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Tigre
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Yes |
Zhenyu Sun |
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Words: 'əb səlluma 'ət h̩əgəs ladabər bat̩r-at. Gloss: Safely at lower part the mountain she stood. Translation: ‘She stood safely at the lower part of the mountain.’ Comment: P85 Contributor: Zhenyu Sun |
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Titan
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Yes |
Claire Bowern |
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Tiwa
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No |
Virginia Dawson |
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Tlingit
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No |
James Crippen |
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Tommo-So
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No |
Laura McPherson |
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Tongan
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Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
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Triqui, Copala
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Yes |
George Aaron Broadwell |
The ordinary order is Prep NP, but this inverts when the NP is interrogative (in the construction called Pied-piping with Inversion) |
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Tukang Besi
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Yes |
Mark Donohue |
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Words: mina di kampo Gloss: from OBL.R village Translation: from the village Comment: 'mina' takes the oblique case marker, in this case in realis form Contributor: Mark Donohue |
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Tuki (Tukombo)
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Yes |
Edmond Biloa |
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Words: Mbárá a- mu- enda na sukuru Gloss: Mbara SM- P1- go to school Translation: Mbara went to school Contributor: Edmond Biloa |
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Turkish
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No |
Murat Kural |
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Tuvan
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No |
Brian Hsu |
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Udmurt
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Yes |
Orsolya Tanczos |
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Ukrainian
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Yes |
Roksolana Mykhaylyk |
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Words: v universyteti Gloss: in university Translation: in the university Contributor: Roksolana Mykhaylyk |
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Vata
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No |
Hilda Koopman |
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Vietnamese
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Yes |
Binh Ngo |
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Words: Tôi đi tù’ nhà Gloss: I come from home Translation: I came from home Contributor: Arwa Rangwala |
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Vlaški-Žejanski-Istro-Romanian
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Yes |
Zvjezdana Vrzic |
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Wan
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No |
Tatiana Nikitina |
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Warlpiri
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No |
Margit Bowler |
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Welsh
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Yes |
David Willis |
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West Flemish
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Yes |
Liliane Haegeman |
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Words: Valère woon-t in een groot huis Gloss: Valère live-3sg in a big house Translation: 'Valère lives in a big house' Contributor: Liliane Haegeman |
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Western Armenian
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Yes |
Hrayr Khanjian |
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Wolane
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Yes |
Hannah Kim |
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Words: fɛrɛŋk bɛ-tɛrɛbēzɛ dɛr ʔalɛ. Gloss: money LOC-table TOP exist:PV:3sm Translation: ‘Money is on the table’ (282). Contributor: Hannah Kim |
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Wolof
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Yes |
Harold Torrence |
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Yan-nhaŋu
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NA |
Claire Bowern |
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Yawa
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Yes |
Mark Donohue |
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Yiddish
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Yes |
Shannon Mooney |
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Words: Es iz do a bux afn tish. Gloss: It is there a book on table Translation: "There's a book on the table." Contributor: Shannon Mooney |
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Yoruba
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Yes |
Johnson Folorunso Ilori |
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Words: Mo lọ [ sí Èkó/Ìbàdàn/Òyọ́ ] Gloss: 1sg go Loc Lagos/Ibadan/Oyo Translation: 'I went to Lagos/Ibadan/Oyo Comment: 'sí ' is the adposition here while any location (or city) e.g. Èkó/Ìbàdàn/Òyọ́ is the noun phrase complement. Contributor: Johnson Folorunso Ilori |
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Zulu
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Yes |
Esther Park |
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Words: Ngi-hamb-a nge-bhasi. Gloss: 1SG-travel-PRES by.5-bus Translation: 'I travel by bus.' Contributor: Esther Park |
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Words: U-gogo u-hamb-a no-Sipho. Gloss: 1a-grandmother 1a-walk-PRES with.1a-Sipho Translation: 'Grandmother is walking with Sipho.' Comment: "no" is a result of combining "na" (with) with "u" (prefix of noun class 1a). Contributor: Esther Park |
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