C 03_Adverbial_Subordinator Clause

  Words: Tapi seunang seubap awaknyan ka na aneuk.
  Gloss: but happy because they PFV exist child
  Translation: But they were happy because they had a child.
  Contributor: Julie Legate

  Words: omdat die studente die prys gewen het
  Gloss: because the student.PL the prize won.PSTPRT have
  Translation: because the students won the prize
  Comment: Like subordinate clauses introduced by overt subordinators more generally, the clauses following adverbial subordinators standardly exhibit OV order. In colloquial Afrikaans, V2 order is, however, possible in "because" clauses. This pattern doesn't extend to adverbial clauses more generally, though.
  Contributor: Theresa Biberauer

  Words: kɛ̀ kòfí bà pɛ̀ àdú à hɔ́
  Gloss: Part. Koffi arriver Part. Adou Accompli partir
  Translation: Aussitôt Koffi arriva que Adou partit.
  Comment: La cause d’insistance est traduite par les particules séparables [kɛ̀…pɛ̀]. Dans un énoncé, la proposition causative est encadrée par ces particules.
  Contributor: Amoikon Dyhié ASSANVO

  Words: Nuk shkova sepse isha e zënë.
  Gloss: NEG went.1SG because was.1SG agr(F,SG) busy
  Translation: I didn’t go because I was busy.
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: epeidḕ ou xunekhṓroun, apépleusan ep’ oíkou
  Gloss: since NEG accept-IND.PRS.3PL sail.away.IND.AOR.3PL to home-GEN.SG
  Translation: ‘as (the inhabitants) would not submit, they sailed back home.’
  Comment: Thucydides, 2.66.2
  Contributor: Richard Faure

  Words: mɛ ń-jɛ́ ɓéé ínyuúlɛ́ mɛ ŋ́- kↄ̀n
  Gloss: I PRES-eat NEG because I PRES-be sick
  Translation:  ‘I don’t eat because I am sick’
  Comment: (example entered for Paul Roger Bassong)
  Contributor: Hyo Shin

  Words: Sum nai a cà perché sevi sctrac
  Gloss: be.AUX.PRS.1 go.PST to home because be.PST.1 tired
  Translation: I went home because I was tired.
  Contributor: Andrea Cattaneo

  Words: ami am-ta kha-b-o karon am-ar khide peye-ch-e
  Gloss: 1.SG.NOM mango-CLF eat-FUT-1SG because 1SG-GEN hunger get.PERF-PRES-3
  Translation: I will eat the mango because I am hungry
  Contributor: Satarupa Das

  Words: n 'yoru nko n ndolu n gojje tagarda
  Gloss: I stop (pfv) because I want (pfv) I buy (SBJV) book
  Translation: I stopped because I wanted to buy a book.
  Contributor: Alhaji Gimba

  Words: Eles comeram tudo porque estavam com fome
  Gloss: They eat.PST.3PL everything because be.PST.3PL with hunger
  Translation: They ate everything because they were hungry
  Contributor: Bruna Moreira

  Words: Eu fui para casa porque estava com sono
  Gloss: I go.PST.1SG to home because be.PST.1SG with sleepiness
  Translation: I went home because I was sleepy
  Contributor: Bruna Moreira

  Words: Dnes si stoj-ax v kəshti zashtoto navən beshe studen-o
  Gloss: Today REFL stay-IMPCT in home because outside be.IMPCT.3.SG cold-N.SG
  Translation: Today I stayed at home because it was cold outside
  Comment: IMFCT = imperfect, not in the Leipzig glossing rules; please note that this is the imperfect tense, not to be confused with the imperfective aspect
  Contributor: Ljuba Veselinova

  Words: Ni-xãã=rí žaʔa xa=sáʔa náa=ri molí
  Gloss: CP-buy=1 chile COMP=make mother=1 mole
  Translation: ‘I bought chiles so that my mother could make mole’
  Contributor: Jess Combs

  Words: Pavel napsal novou knihu, protože chtĕl přispĕt k rozšíření nových poznatků.
  Gloss: PaulNOMSG wrotePST newADJACCSGF bookACCSGF onPrep MinimalismLocSGM, becauseCOMP he wanted to contribute bradening our knowledge.
  Translation: Paul has written a new book, because he wanted to contribute broadening our knowledge.
  Contributor: Peter Kosta

  Words: Ka foong ba bUOrO n yElE kyE fo e ka te gaa
  Gloss: COMP 2SG.Str NEG want.IMP 1SG matter but 2SG do COMP 1PL go
  Translation: Even if you dont like me you should let us go
  Comment: 2SG str = strong form of second person singular pronoun
  Contributor: Adams Bodomo

  Words: Wa-fungbwa mana wa-iya matumbingwa ga atu.
  Gloss: 3SG.PST-tie.PAS for 3SG.PST-steal CL6.eggs.POS CL6.ASS CL2.people
  Translation: He was jailed because he stole some people's eggs.
  Comment: Adverbial subordinator = mana
  Contributor: Steve Nicolle

  Words: Marie zal hier komen hoewel Jan al vertrokken is.
  Gloss: Mary will come here how.yes John already left is
  Translation: Mary will come although John has already left.
  Contributor: Hilda Koopman

  Words: A Maria ficou triste quando o João disse não ter tempo para ela.
  Gloss: the.F Maria become.PST.3SG sad when the.M João say.PST.3SG not have.INF time for she.OBL
  Translation: Maria felt sad when João said he had no time for her.
  Contributor: Salvador Mascarenhas

  Words: Oli kivaa uida vaikka vesi oli kylmä
  Gloss: was nice swim although water was cold
  Translation: It was nice to swim although the water was cold
  Contributor: Anders Holmberg

  Words: Je ne suis pas venu parce que mon fils est malade.
  Gloss: 1SG NEG AUX.PST NEG come because POSS-1SG son be-PRS sick.
  Translation: I did not come because my son is sick.
  Contributor: Hannah Kim

  Words: Den irthe epidi itan apasxolimenos.
  Gloss: NEG came-3SG because was-3SG busy
  Translation: He didn't come because he was busy.
  Contributor: Arhonto Terzi

  Words: sinit-sil-lunga sinnattur-punga
  Gloss: sleep-CAUS-1s.CONT dream-1s.IND
  Translation: ‘While I was sleeping I had a dream’
  Contributor: Stephen Mayeaux

  Words: ní à lìn ɖɔ̀ àsíbá ná dà mì bé à má bí kpálí
  Gloss: if 2sg think that Asiba Fut marry 1sg.Acc then 2sg Neg smart at.all
  Translation: If you think that Asiba will marry me, then you are really not smart.
  Contributor: Enoch Oladé Aboh

  Words: yadapii bahar naheen aayi hai phool nikal gaye hEn
  Gloss: Although spring not come is flowers appear go-ASP are
  Translation: Although spring has not come, flowers have appeared.
  Contributor: Gurprit Bains

  Words: Telefonál-j-ál, mi-elő-tt el-indul-sz.
  Gloss: phone-IMP-2SG what-front-LOC away-start-2SG
  Translation: `Call before you leave'
  Contributor: Anna Szabolcsi

  Words: sia anye m- mi- di- ghe, ami m- me- nyong
  Gloss: since he AGR tns come not, I AGR tns leave
  Translation: since he/she is not here, I am leaving
  Comment: tones are ommited
  Contributor: Willie Willie

  Words: Ég var að borða morgunmatinn þegar hún kom
  Gloss: 1SG be.1SG.PST to eat breakfast.the.ACC.M.SG when 3SG.F arrive.3SG.PST
  Translation: I was having breakfast when she arrived.
  Comment: From Thráinsson (2007:13)
  Contributor: Jim Wood

  Words: dia tidak lapar karena dia makan dulu
  Gloss: 3sg NEG hungry because 3sg eat first
  Translation: 'He's not hungry because he ate earlier.'
  Contributor: Daniel Kaufman

  Words: Cé go bhfuil go-leor feilméara-í
  Gloss: although that are many farmer-PL
  Translation: 'Although there are many farmers'
  Contributor: Bridget Nixdorf

  Words: mudyaámbu yandí wuúsidi, beto thwéléko
  Gloss: because he come (= w.us.idi) , 1PL.go(=ele).NEG
  Translation: Because he came, we didn't go
  Contributor: Lukowa Kidima

  Words: Pilok swuhak-i silh-telato soholhiha-ci mal-ala.
  Gloss: although math-NOM dislike-although ignore-CONN not-IMP
  Translation: Although you don't like math, don't ignore it.
  Comment: CONN is short for connective.
  Contributor: Chung-hye Han

  Words: agarchi Hiwa aqil-a, balam (pro) hamisha ba-pala-(y)a
  Gloss: although Hiwa intelligent-be.3SG, but (pro) always with-haste-be.3SG
  Translation: Although Hiwa is intelligent, he is always impulsive.
  Contributor: Yadgar Karimi

  Words: a-ewuo pee a-dol
  Gloss: 1s-came-PERF in.order 1s-see (him)
  Translation: I came in order to see him
  Comment: pee is optional in this particular example. 3rd person object is silent. pro drop of third person object
  Contributor: Hilda Koopman

  Words: Tsy nanatrika ny fety Rabe satria marary (izy)
  Gloss: NEG PST.AT.attend DET party Rabe because sick 3.NOM
  Translation: Rabe didn't attend the party because he was sick.
  Comment: Note: AT stands for 'Actor Topic', which is the voice morphology on the verb indicating that the subject is the agent.
  Contributor: Ed Keenan and Laura Kalin

  Words: wo yao shui yinwei wo lei le
  Gloss: I want sleep because I tired PFV
  Translation: I want to sleep because I am tired
  Contributor: Arthur Wang

  Words: I=j kakkije bwe i=jaad mōk
  Gloss: 1SG.AGR=PRS rest because 1SG.AGR=fairly be.tired
  Translation: I'm resting because I'm fairly tired.
  Contributor: Heather Willson Sturman

  Words: hɑsɑn t-ɑk-ɑ (iŋkɛn) hɑwɑ rɑniŋ t-ind-eɾi
  Gloss: Hasan 3SG-left-PST because Hawa sleep.PROG 3SG-stay-FUT
  Translation: 'Hasan left because Hawa was sleeping'
  Contributor: Jessica Chen

  Words: tá dòo m(a) áa ghə̀ns-úw, míy má d́ma tàwaz-úw
  Gloss: if fall NEG PS "God"-NEG we NEG do planting-NEG
  Translation: 'if it doesn't rain, we won't do the planting.'
  Comment: The PS in the gloss stands for 'Postverbal Subject'. In the text, Schuh states that "relative clauses with internal nominal subjects allow only the postverbal subject ordering" (p.286).
  Contributor: Michael A. Estrada

  Words: à dɛ̀ bɛ̀ lógé lé sǎʔ ná á dé déːté
  Gloss: he de-pasy not-perf take-perf it beofre that he eat-perf food+cm(te)
  Translation: 'he didn't take it before he ate food' (28).
  Comment: All setting and examples come from the database from a two quarter fieldmethods class at UCLA in 1998. (Albro, 1998)
  Contributor: Hannah Kim

  Words: ...ebogao, Musa si nakan.
  Gloss: therefore/because of that, Musa buy meat
  Translation: ...therefore, Musa bought meat.
  Contributor: Jason Kandybowicz

  Words: I i wapli, sa namna wolsaple
  Gloss: 1SG go village, TOP eye tired
  Translation: I went back home, because (I) was tired
  Contributor: Mark Donohue

  Words: táasee wos de ta tse zyaan ne shey rasawel-ay dzeka tshee day zmaa porawérray day aw maa ta yee panaann raawrr-i da
  Gloss: 2PL now 3SG.M.OBL to any harm.M NEG be.PRS.PFV.2PL bring.PST.PFV-PTCP because COMP 3SG.M.ABS 1SG.POSS debtor.M be.PRS.IPFV.3SG.M and 1SG.OBL to 3SG.ABS asylum.F bring.PST.IPFV-3SG be.PRS.IPFV.3SG
  Translation: None of you can harm him because he owes me and came to me for asylum.
  Comment: Ulfat, "A True Story," cited by Tegey and Robson 1996: 213
  Contributor: Taylor Roberts

  Words: Piotr wyszedł ponieważ Jan przyszedł.
  Gloss: Piotr left because Jan arrived
  Translation: Piotr left because Jan arrived.
  Contributor: Barbara Tomaszewicz

  Words: A plecat fiindcă era obosit.
  Gloss: have.AUX.3 left because be.PST.3 tired
  Translation: He left because he was tired.
  Contributor: Oana Savescu

  Words: Xotja ja ne ljublju fil'my užasov, mne nravjatsja fil'my Xičkoka
  Gloss: Although I.NOM not love films.ACC horror.GEN I.DAT like.PL films Hitchcock.GEN
  Translation: Although I don't like horror films, I like Hitchcock's films.
  Contributor: Stephanie Harves

  Words: mfon won na mengaka i ken ne
  Gloss: king leave.PST perfect because 3sg be.tired COMP
  Translation: The king left because he was tired.
  Contributor: Abdoulaye Laziz Nchare

  Words: mba jekaa mfon kene, i ke ku'ushe pwomshe
  Gloss: Even though king be-tired, 3sg still continue.PST meeting
  Translation: Even though the king was tired, he still went ahead with the meeting.
  Contributor: Abdoulaye Laziz Nchare

  Words: Vine porque me llamaron
  Gloss: come.PST.1SG because ACC.1SG call.PST.3PL
  Translation: I came because they called me
  Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas

  Words: Aunque no quieras venir, vendrás.
  Gloss: although not want.PRS.SBJVE.2SG come.INF, come.FUT.2SG
  Translation: Although you don't want to come, you will come
  Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas

  Words: Jag var sen eftersom bussen gick sönder.
  Gloss: I was late because bus.DEF went broke
  Translation: I was late because the bus broke down.
  Contributor: fredrik heinat

  Words: linis ng babae ang bahay bago siya alis.
  Gloss: clean Erg woman Abs house before 3.Sg.Abs leave
  Translation: The woman cleaned the house before she left.
  Contributor: Edith Aldridge

  Words: i m chiah inui i pa a
  Gloss: he NEG eat because he full PFV
  Translation: He doesn't want to eat because he is full.
  Contributor: Arthur Wang

  Words: enki wéra-ka-ni juchínia janí-sha-p-ti
  Gloss: ADV.SUB go.out-1-1SG my.house rain-PROG-PST-3
  Translation: 'When I left the house, it was raining'
  Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas

  Words: arhá-s-ka-ni jasï eske kharhíma-sha-p-ka
  Gloss: eat-PERF-1-1SG fava.beans ADV.SUB hungry-PROG-PST-1
  Translation: I ate the beans because I was hungry
  Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas

  Words: Ku-waliako entaea ku-motuturu
  Gloss: 1SG-return because 1SG-sleepy
  Translation: I'm going home because I'm sleepy
  Contributor: Mark Donohue

  Words: nŭ ngu mú enda ná wáspíta asene nŭ nŏ- ḿ
  Gloss: I SM- PST1- go to hospital because I sick- IND
  Translation: I went to the hospital because I am sick
  Contributor: Edmond Biloa

  Words: Taras pryjšov, tomu ščo vin xotiv pobačyty druziv
  Gloss: Taras came because he wanted see.INF friends
  Translation: Taras came because he wanted to see his friends
  Contributor: Roksolana Mykhaylyk

  Comment: "adverbial subordinators" often are translated as special auxiliaries in I (+T), with I (+T)followed by D (bO) in S I (D) X V order; D (bO) shows up in relatives in the same position.
  Contributor: Chris Collins

  Words: Marie goat niet kommen omdat Valère a weg is
  Gloss: Marie go-3sg not come because Valère already away is
  Translation: 'Mary won't come because Valère has already left.'
  Comment: the subordinator omdat agrees with the subject Valère
  Contributor: Liliane Haegeman

  Words: Er ken nit elofn, vajl di exejnshm zingshn.
  Gloss: 3SG.NOM can not sleep because the.PL neighbor.PL sing
  Translation: "He can't sleep because the neighbors are singing."
  Contributor: Shannon Mooney

  Words: Uku-fa kwezin-komo ku-se-khona noma se-ku-damb-ile kancane.
  Gloss: 15-death 15.POSS.10-cattle 15-still-here although already-15-abate-PRF little
  Translation: 'The cattle disease is still here although it has now abated a little.'
  Comment: "kwezin" is a result of combining "kwa" (possessive) with "izin" (prefix of noun class 10).
  Contributor: Esther Park