01_Subject Verb

  Words: Die studente lees
  Gloss: the student.PL read
  Translation: The students are reading
  Comment: This is the required order in main clauses, which are necessarily V2. It is also the order found in unmodified embedded clauses (i.e. dat die studente lees). Where modifiers are present, main and embedded clauses differ, though (Die studente lees gretig vs dat die studente gretig lees, where "gretig" means "eagerly").
  Contributor: Theresa Biberauer

  Words: kòfí à wá
  Gloss: Koffi Accompli arriver
  Translation: « Koffi est arrivé. »
  Comment: Suivant la structure de cette phrase, nous avons sujet+verbe
  Contributor: Amoikon Dyhié ASSANVO

  Contributor: Amoikon Dyhié ASSANVO

  Words: kòfí bá
  Gloss: Koffi arriver
  Translation: « Koffi arrive. »
  Contributor: Amoikon Dyhié ASSANVO

  Words: blɛ̀ mɛ̰́ nzùé má̰ mɛ̰́ nɔ̰̀
  Gloss: apporter 1sg water pour 1sg boire
  Translation: Apporte-moi de l’eau à boire.
  Contributor: Amoikon Dyhié ASSANVO

  Words: kòfí tɛ́ pá
  Gloss: Koffi laid degré
  Translation: Koffi est très laid
  Comment: Deux morphèmes permettent de rendre compte de l’expression des degrés : [pì] et [pá] « très, trop ». Comme tous les degrés, ils permettent d’exagérer un trait, défaut, un fait ou une qualité. Cependant, le degré ne précède jamais l’adjectif. Cela dit, au sein d’un syntagme adjectival, voici l’ordre requis : N+Adj+Deg.
  Contributor: Amoikon Dyhié ASSANVO

  Words: Beni iku.
  Gloss: Ben.the left
  Translation: Ben left.
  Contributor: Dalina Kallulli

  Words: kasa mät't'a
  Gloss: K. come.PFV.3mss
  Translation: 'Kasa came'
  Contributor: Girma Demeke

  Words: Kúklo:ps hód’ érkhetai
  Gloss: Cyclops-NOM DEM-NOM.M come-PRS.3SG
  Translation: Here comes the Cyclops
  Comment: litt. 'Cyclops this comes' (Euripides, Cyclops, 193)
  Contributor: Richard Faure

  Words: Aristó:numos Methudrieùs érkhetai
  Gloss: A-NOM M-NOM come-PRS.3SG
  Translation: Aristonumos of Methydrion is coming
  Comment: érkhetai:historical present (Xenophon, Anabasis, 4.6.20)
  Contributor: Richard Faure

  Words: Ahmed naam badri
  Gloss: Ahmed sleep.PST early
  Translation: Ahmed slept early
  Contributor: Dimitrios Ntelitheos

  Words: Ahmed negah lean-ah sha6er
  Gloss: Ahmed pass.PST because--3SGM hard worker
  Translation: Ahmed passed because he is hard worker
  Contributor: Shaikha Saeed

  Words: Ne taara
  Gloss: I go.PAST
  Translation: I went
  Comment: from TNBG pg 39
  Contributor: Bryan Villa

  Words: maŋgɛ́ a- bí- pↄ́t
  Gloss: 1child 1SM- PST2- talk
  Translation: The child talked
  Contributor: Paul Roger Bassong

  Words: Al Gianni u= va via duman
  Gloss: the Gianni he=go.PRS.3SG away tomorrow
  Translation: Gianni leaves tomorrow.
  Contributor: Andrea Cattaneo

  Words: ami eshe-ch-i
  Gloss: 1.SG.NOM come.PRF-PRS-1
  Translation: I have come
  Contributor: Satarupa Das

  Words: Bamoi ma-wo
  Gloss: Bamoi return (pfvf)
  Translation: Bamoi went back
  Comment: -wo is a zero object marker with perfective verb stems
  Contributor: Michael A. Estrada

  Words: Bamoi ma-wo
  Gloss: Bamoi return (pfv)
  Translation: Bamoi went back
  Comment: -wo is a zero object marker with perfective verb stems
  Contributor: Alhaji Gimba

  Words: Denise lê o jornal
  Gloss: Denise read.PRS.3SG o.ART.M.SG newspaper.SG
  Translation: Denise reads the newspaper
  Contributor: Bruna Moreira

  Words: Denise chegou cedo
  Gloss: Denise arrive.PST.3SG early
  Translation: Denise arrived early
  Contributor: Bruna Moreira

  Words: Maite a gomz brav
  Gloss: Maite C speaks well
  Translation: Maite speaks well
  Comment: neutral, especially in the gwenedeg dialect
  Contributor: Mélanie Jouitteau

  Words: Nikola pristig-na
  Gloss: Nikola arrive-3.SG.AOR
  Translation: Nikola arrived
  Comment: AOR=aorist, not in the Leipzig glossing rules
  Contributor: Ljuba Veselinova

  Words: thu le' cou: thwa: te
  Gloss: he hand break go RLS
  Translation: his hand broke
  Comment: RLS = realis marker
  Contributor: Timothy Ho

  Contributor: Victoria Mateu

  Words: Spexó táʔu
  Gloss: Espejo break
  Translation: “The mirror breaks/is broken”
  Contributor: Jess Combs

  Words: mkangó u-ku-séka
  Gloss: lion 3SM-pres-laugh
  Translation: the lion is laughing
  Comment: 3 is for the noun class of the subject mkango
  Contributor: Sam Mchombo

  Words: Petr spí.
  Gloss: Petr.nom sleep.3sg
  Translation: Petr is sleeping.
  Contributor: Pavel Caha

  Words: Petr píše dopis.
  Gloss: Petr.nom write.3sg something.acc
  Translation: Petr is writing something.
  Contributor: Pavel Caha

  Words: Dakoraa zoro la
  Gloss: Dakoraa run.IMP foc
  Translation: Dakoraa is running
  Contributor: Adams Bodomo

  Words: Dakoraa zoro la
  Gloss: Dakoraa zo.IMP foc
  Translation: Dakoraa is running
  Contributor: Adams Bodomo

  Words: Simba wa-fwa
  Gloss: CL1a.lion 3SG.PST-die
  Translation: The lion died
  Comment: Canonical order; the lion is a switch topic.
  Contributor: Steve Nicolle

  Words: fidɐ ɐ=kust-mɐ rand-ɐj
  Gloss: father POSS.3SG=work-ALL go.PST-PST.3SG
  Translation: Father went to his work.
  Comment: POSS.1/2/3 are possessive proclitics/prefixes. The sentence from Aghuzarti, Agube. 2008. Zin cardi qæpxæn. Dzæugighæw.
  Contributor: David Erschler

  Words: mɐ=χɐʣarɐ
  Gloss: POSS.1SG=house
  Translation: my house
  Contributor: David Erschler

  Words: Marie bouwt veel mooie huizen
  Gloss: Mary builds many nice.AGR house.PL
  Translation: Mary builds a lot of nice houses
  Contributor: Hilda Koopman

  Contributor: Hilda Koopman

  Words: A Ana gosta de batatas.
  Gloss: the.F Ana like.PRES.3SG of potato.PL
  Translation: Ana likes potatoes.
  Contributor: Salvador Mascarenhas

  Words: Bia la diti mɛ
  Gloss: child DEF eat.IPFV PRT
  Translation: the child is eating
  Comment: the final particle is sensitive to transitivity and aspect
  Contributor: Mary Esther Kropp Dakubu

  Contributor: Hjalmar Páll Petersen

  Contributor: Anders Holmberg

  Words: Juna tule-e
  Gloss: train.NOM come-PRS.3SG
  Translation: The train is coming.
  Contributor: Anders Holmberg

  Words: Marc mange.
  Gloss: Marc eat-PRS
  Translation: “Marc eats.”
  Contributor: Hannah Kim

  Words: nuu ba
  Gloss: man AOR.come
  Translation: the man came
  Comment: aorist aspect is not phonetically expressed except under very restricted conditions. The definite marker (the) is only used when the referent has already been mentioned
  Contributor: Mary Esther Kropp Dakubu

  Words: Kòfí sèlè
  Gloss: Kofi swim
  Translation: Kofi swam
  Contributor: Mary Esther Kropp Dakubu

  Words: I Eleni tragudhai sto banio.
  Gloss: the Eleni sings in.the bathroom
  Translation: Eleni is singing in the shower.
  Comment: This order is grammatical with a neutral reading, only if some element follows the verb (e.g., 'in the shower').
  Contributor: Arhonto Terzi

  Words: Anda sini-ppoq
  Gloss: Anda-ABS sleep-3s.IND
  Contributor: Stephen Mayeaux

  Words: àsíbá wá
  Gloss: Asiba come
  Translation: Asiba came
  Contributor: Enoch Oladé Aboh

  Words: saa taya
  Gloss: rain came
  Translation: it rained
  Contributor: Geoffrey Hunt

  Words: Gabi yaSen
  Gloss: Gabi sleep-M.S.PRS
  Translation: Gabi is sleeping
  Contributor: Ur Shlonsky

  Words: amna n-omok-no
  Gloss: 1+3 3SBJ-come-IMMEDPST
  Translation: We (exclusive) came.
  Comment: Hixkaryana is canonically OVS. The pronoun "amna", however, as a subject, must appear left-adjacent to the verb. Subjects can also appear before the verb when they are focused. Otherwise subjects are post-verbal. (Derbyshire 1985:p. 9) Note that all examples in this database for Hixkaryana come from Derbyshire (1986), Hixkaryana and linguistic typology. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
  Contributor: Laura Kalin

  Words: Kati szalad.
  Gloss: Kati[NOM] run[3SG.PRS.IND]
  Translation: `Kati is running'
  Contributor: Anna Szabolcsi

  Words: Ami m- me- nyong, sia anye m- mi- di- ghe
  Gloss: I AGR- tns- leave, since he/she AGR-tns come -not
  Translation: I am leaving since he/she is not here
  Comment: tones are ommited
  Contributor: Willie Willie

  Words: Nokkrir stúdentar sáu þessa mynd.
  Gloss: Some.NOM.M.PL student.NOM.M.PL see.3PL.PST this.ACC.F.SG film.ACC.F.SG
  Translation: Several students saw this film.
  Comment: From Thráinsson (2007:24).
  Contributor: Jim Wood

  Contributor: UCLA Linguistics 210

  Words: dareka-ga ki-ta.
  Gloss: someone-NOM come-PST
  Translation: Someone came
  Contributor: Ken Hiraiwa

  Words: dareka-ga hasit-ta.
  Gloss: someone-NOM run-PST
  Translation: someone ran
  Contributor: Ken Hiraiwa

  Words: Toli-ka ttena-ss-ta.
  Gloss: Toli-NOM leave-PST-DECL
  Translation: Toli left.
  Contributor: Chung-hye Han

  Words: I-sik mikana lə təle u-me ubi.
  Gloss: 3M-DEM man RELR NEG 3M.SBJ-HAB work
  Translation: That man didn't use to work.
  Comment: Basic word order is VSO but subject (or object or adverbial) can be fronted, marked by the relator, lə.
  Contributor: Eva Lindström

  Comment: same as the existential negator (karuk)
  Contributor: Eva Lindström

  Contributor: Yadgar Karimi

  Words: Hiwa rošt-Ø
  Gloss: Hiwa go.PST-3SG
  Translation: Hiwa went.
  Contributor: Yadgar Karimi

  Words: bra-ka-t na-chu bo Paris? ba, chu
  Gloss: brother-DEF-2SG NEG-went to Paris? yes, went.he
  Translation: Did yor brother not go to Paris? Yes, He did.
  Comment: Ye
  Contributor: Yadgar Karimi

  Words: lócə̀ə̀ àɔ́lɔ̂
  Gloss: man 3S.cough.PROG
  Translation: the man is coughing (Noonan 1992: 126 ex 2b.)
  Contributor: Arwa Rangwala

  Words: kham kin laew
  Gloss: Kham eat already
  Translation: Kham has eaten
  Contributor: Alif Silpachai

  Words: Layla fall-it bakkir
  Gloss: Layla left-3FSG early
  Translation: Layla left early
  Contributor: Lina Choueiri

  Words: nawaap ade
  Gloss: CL2-sell 3SG-eat
  Translation: The seller is eating
  Contributor: Tim Gaved

  Words: Ajri ro re=j tutu.
  Gloss: child the.PL.HUMAN 3PL.AGR=PRS swim
  Translation: The children are swimming.
  Contributor: Heather Willson Sturman

  Words: daʊd t-iɲɑn-ɑ
  Gloss: Daowd 3SG-ate-PST
  Translation: 'Daowd ate'
  Contributor: Jessica Chen

  Words: Ghi sijt noch ionc ende behoeft sere te wassen
  Gloss: You are.2pl still young and need much to grow
  Translation: you are still young and still need to grow a lot
  Comment: also with full NPs
  Contributor: Gertjan Postma

  Words: Kásham təka s-áy
  Translation: Kasham accompanied.
  Contributor: Michael A. Estrada

  Words: Maria zaniloa
  Gloss: Maria speaks
  Translation: "Maria speaks
  Comment: Language consultant: Eduardo de la Cruz
  Contributor: John Garcia

  Words: taŋ.go hɛdege dɔːre tiŋga
  Gloss: stone+CM(go) roll-perf hill+cm(de) down/below+cm(ga)
  Translation: “A stone slid down the hill" (19).
  Comment: All setting and examples come from the database from a two quarter fieldmethods class at UCLA in 1998. (Albro, 1998)
  Contributor: Hannah Kim

  Words: xaa-caw han laew
  Gloss: 1SGF see already
  Translation: I have seen it
  Contributor: Alif Silpachai

  Words: Elugi fu
  Gloss: bird fly
  Translation: The bird flew.
  Contributor: Jason Kandybowicz

  Words: Ngba Musa gi bise
  Gloss: Q Musa eat hen
  Translation: 'Did Musa eat the hen?'
  Contributor: Jason Kandybowicz

  Words: Une musteile vint curant
  Gloss: A weasel came running
  Translation: A weasel came running
  Comment: Marie de France. (1180). 187.3815
  Contributor: Heather Burnett

  Words:  jeet ne eh kitaab nahin parhee
  Gloss: Jeet erg this book not read
  Translation: Jeet did not read this book
  Comment:  The negation element used in imperatives is 'na'-do'nt.
  Contributor: Gurprit Bains

  Words: laylaa gadd-ég-i
  Gloss: Layla dance-INTR-3SG.PRES
  Translation: Layla is dancing.
  Contributor: Taylor Roberts

  Words: Piotr śpi.
  Gloss: Piotr.nom sleep.3sg
  Translation: Piotr is sleeping.
  Contributor: Barbara Tomaszewicz

  Words: Piotr pisze list.
  Gloss: Piotr.nom write.3sg list.acc
  Translation: Piotr is writing a a letter.
  Contributor: Barbara Tomaszewicz

  Words: zwyczajny professor
  Gloss: ordinary-nom.s.m professor-nom.s.m
  Translation: an ordinary professor
  Comment: pre-nominal adjectives are typically "qualifying"
  Contributor: Barbara Tomaszewicz

  Words: klon zwyczajny
  Gloss: maple-nom.s.m ordinary-nom.s.m
  Translation: Norway Maple
  Comment: postonominal adjectives are common (but not exclusive) in the taxonomic names of species
  Contributor: Barbara Tomaszewicz

  Words: A co z tymi dwiema paczkami?
  Gloss: and what with those.ins two.ins packages.ins.pl
  Translation: And what about the two packages?
  Comment: follow up on previous context
  Contributor: Barbara Tomaszewicz

  Words: Maria a sosit.
  Gloss: Mary have.AUX.3 arrived
  Translation: Mary has arrived.
  Contributor: Oana Savescu

  Words: Ivan spit.
  Gloss: Ivan.NOM sleeps
  Translation: Ivan is sleeping.
  Contributor: Stephanie Harves

  Words: njam te
  Gloss: horse run.away.PST
  Translation: a horse ran away
  Comment: Recent Past
  Contributor: Abdoulaye Laziz Nchare

  Words: ngeret sente
  Gloss: glass break-PST
  Translation: The glass broke
  Contributor: Abdoulaye Laziz Nchare

  Words: mon lije
  Gloss: child sleep.past
  Translation: The child slept
  Comment: The subject "mon" as a bare noun is interpreted as definite
  Contributor: Abdoulaye Laziz Nchare

  Words: María regresó
  Gloss: M. return.PST.3SG
  Translation: María came back
  Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas

  Words: Desapareció mi cartera
  Gloss: dissapear.PST.3SG my wallet
  Translation: My wallet dissapeared
  Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas

  Words: Hunden sover.
  Gloss: dog.DEF sleeps
  Translation: The dog is sleeping
  Contributor: fredrik heinat

  Words: juchí mimi kawi-h-ti
  Gloss: 1.SG.POSS brother get.drunk-PFV-3
  Translation: 'My brother got drunk'
  Contributor: Violeta Vazquez-Rojas

  Words: khaw khian nangsuu set laew
  Gloss: 3 write book COMPL COMPL
  Translation: He finished writing a book
  Contributor: Alif Silpachai

  Words: Nít glàp bâan lɛ́ɛw
  Gloss: Nit return home already
  Translation: 'Nit already went back home.'
  Contributor: Peter Jenks

  Words: worot 'ənās məsəl nəwā-yu wa-s̩ewa-hu 'ət qišot 'ala.
  Gloss: one man with his cattle and his family in small village was.
  Translation: ‘A man lived with his family and his cattle in a hamlet.’
  Comment: Tigre grammar and texts / by Shlomo Raz. P94
  Contributor: Zhenyu Sun

  Words: wé shaawát sha-ka-w-0-dzi-yaa
  Gloss: DEM.MDIST woman head-horiz.surface-PFV-3.A-CLF[+D,s,+I]-comb
  Translation: the woman combed her hair
  Comment: Lit. "the woman hair-combed".
  Contributor: James Crippen

  Words: Mòòmíyó=gɛ ɲ̀jó=gɛ=nɛ mànd-áa=ỳ.
  Gloss: scorpion=DEF mat=DEF=OBL disappear-PFV=COP
  Translation: ‘The scorpion disappeared under the mat’ (251: 434b).
  Comment: From A Grammar of Tommo So by Laura Mcpherson (2012).
  Contributor: Hannah Kim

  Words: Ca-taj 'u̱nj rihaan nij soj nij nana̱ nihánj
  Gloss: compl-say I to pl you(pl) pl word this
  Translation: I have said these words to you
  Comment: This example shows V Subj PP Obj order. V Subj Obj PP is also available, but this word places some emphasis on the object
  Contributor: George Aaron Broadwell

  Words: Te kalambe iso no-mai-mo
  Gloss: CORE girl yon 3R-come-PF
  Translation: 'That girl has come.'
  Comment: Pragmatically salient 'that girl'.
  Contributor: Mark Donohue

  Words: Putá a- banga- ḿ
  Gloss: Puta SM- cry- IND
  Translation: Puta is crying
  Contributor: Edmond Biloa

  Words: Kedi uy-uyor.
  Gloss: cat sleep-PROG
  Translation: The cat is sleeping.
  Contributor: Ryan Caro

  Words: Melda var-di Ankara'ya?
  Gloss: Melda arrive-PST Ankara-DAT
  Translation: Melda arrived in Ankara, (right)?
  Comment: Pitch rises on the last syllable to express that it is a polar question.
  Contributor: Deniz Ozyildiz

  Words: ulus keldi
  Gloss: people come-PAST
  Translation: some people came
  Contributor: Brian Hsu

  Words: Dity tanciujut'
  Gloss: Children dance
  Translation: The children are dancing.
  Contributor: Roksolana Mykhaylyk

  Contributor: Roksolana Mykhaylyk

  Words: Lan ngủ rồi.
  Gloss: Lan sleep already
  Translation: "Lan fell asleep."
  Contributor: Binh Ngo

  Words: Kurdu ka yula-mi.
  Gloss: child AUX cry-NPST
  Translation: The child is crying.
  Contributor: Margit Bowler

  Words: Valère komt morgen.
  Gloss: Valère come-1sg tomorrow
  Translation: 'Valère is coming tomorrow.'
  Contributor: Liliane Haegeman

  Words: Der man lejent dos bux.
  Gloss: the.M.SG.NOM man read.3SG the.M.ACC book.SG
  Translation: "The man is reading the book."
  Contributor: Shannon Mooney

  Words: Tádé ra ìwé
  Gloss: Tade buy book
  Translation: ‘Tade bought a book/ books.’
  Comment: 'Tade' here is the subject while 'rà' is the verb. The mid-toned 'ra' in the example is a product of a highly productive tone raising rule in the phonology of the language.
  Contributor: Johnson Folorunso Ilori

  Words: U-Sipho u-hamb-ile.
  Gloss: 1a-Sipho 1a-leave-PRF
  Translation: 'Sipho has left.'
  Contributor: Esther Park