| Language |
Value |
Contributor |
Comments |
|
=Hoan
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
|
|
Afrikaans
|
NA |
Theresa Biberauer |
|
|
Albanian
|
No |
Dalina Kallulli |
|
|
Ancient Greek
|
NA |
Richard Faure |
|
|
Arabic, Gulf
|
No |
Dimitrios Ntelitheos |
|
|
Bajau, West Coast
|
No |
Mark Miller |
|
|
Bambara
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
|
Bardi
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
|
|
Basaa
|
No |
Paul Roger Bassong |
|
|
Basque
|
Yes |
Karlos Arregi |
|
|
Bellinzonese
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
|
|
Beng
|
No |
Denis Paperno |
|
|
+
Bole
|
No |
Alhaji Gimba |
|
Words: gam ama siri Gloss: ram that big Translation: That ram is big Comment: When the demonstrative precedes the adjective, the adjective is a PREDICATE adjective. Note that Bole has no copula to mark lexical predicate. Contributor: Alhaji Gimba |
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+
Brazilian Portuguese
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
|
Words: João não gost-a d-ele. Gloss: João NEG like-PRS.3SG of-him.GEN Translation: João does not like him. Contributor: --- |
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Words: Minhas irmãs Gloss: My.1SG.POSS.F.PL sister.F.PL Translation: My sisters Contributor: Bruna Moreira |
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Words: Est-á n-a hora de dizer-mos tchau. Gloss: be-3SG on-DEF.F hour of say.INF-1PL bye Translation: It's time (for us) to say good-bye. Comment: The inflected infinitive is optional here. Contributor: --- |
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Breton
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
|
|
Bulgarian
|
Yes |
Iliana Krapova |
|
|
Calabrian (Northern)
|
No |
Giuseppina Silvestri |
|
|
+
Catalan
|
Yes |
Txuss Martin |
|
Words: En Joan diu que vindrà demà Gloss: the.SG.M John say.3SG that come.3SG.FUT tomorrow Translation: John says that he will come tomorrow Contributor: Txuss Martin |
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Words: El noi el=veu-ré demà Gloss: the.SG.M boy ACC.3SG.M=see-1SG.FUT tomorrow Translation: I will see the boy tomorrow Comment: the object clitic has to obligatorily precede the finite verb Contributor: Txuss Martin |
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Words: El noi el=veu-ré demà Gloss: the.SG.M boy ACC.3SG.M=see-1SG.FUT tomorrow Translation: I will see the boy tomorrow Contributor: Txuss Martin |
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Words: el noi i la noia Gloss: the.SG.M boy and the.SG.F girl Translation: the boy and the girl Contributor: Txuss Martin |
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Words: Que vin-dràs demà? Gloss: Q come-2SG.FUT tomorrow Translation: Will you come tomorrow? Comment: The particle is optional in Catalan, but its use is widespread Contributor: Txuss Martin |
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Words: En Joan pregunta que qui ha vingut Gloss: the.SG.M John ask.3SG that who have.PRS.3SG come.PTCP Translation: John asks who has come? Contributor: Txuss Martin |
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Words: dos nois i dues noies Gloss: two boy.PL and two.F girl.PL Translation: two boys and two girls Comment: agreement is limited to one and two Contributor: Txuss Martin |
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Words: *Avui menjarà la noia les pomes Gloss: today eat.FUT.3SG the.SG girl the.PL apples Translation: Today the girl will eat the apples Contributor: Txuss Martin |
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Words: Un noi Gloss: INDF boy Translation: a boy Contributor: Txuss Martin |
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Words: Un noi i una noia Gloss: INDF.M boy and INDF.F girl Translation: a boy and a girl Contributor: Txuss Martin |
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Words: Compra si vols comprar Gloss: buy.IMP.2SG if want.PRS.2SG buy.INF Translation: buy if you want to buy Contributor: Txuss Martin |
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Words: Saps si en Joan ha vingut Gloss: know.PRS.2SG if the John has come Translation: Do you know if John has come? Contributor: Txuss Martin |
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Words: Ell menja avui i ella menjarà demà Gloss: he eat.PRS.3SG today and she eat.FUT.3SG tomorrow Translation: He eats today and she will eat tomorrow Contributor: Txuss Martin |
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Words: De nen anava a escola cada dia Gloss: of child, he go.PST.IPFV.3SG to school each day Translation: As a child, I used to go to school every day Contributor: Txuss Martin |
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Words: Vaig a viure a Barcelona Gloss: go.PRS.1SG to live.INF to Barcelona Translation: I'm going to live in Barcelona Contributor: Txuss Martin |
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Words: Amb la Maria Gloss: with the Mary Translation: With Mary Contributor: Txuss Martin |
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Words: El meu pare i la meva mare Gloss: the.SG.M POSS.SG.M father and the.SG.F POSS.SG.F mother Translation: my father and my mother Contributor: Txuss Martin |
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Words: Les tres noies Gloss: the.PL.F three girl.PL Translation: the three girls Contributor: Txuss Martin |
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Words: si arrib-es tard, truca=m Gloss: COND arrive-PRS.2SG late, call=me Translation: if you arrive late, call me Contributor: Txuss Martin |
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Words: menja-r-em Gloss: eat-FUT-1PL Translation: we will eat Contributor: Txuss Martin |
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Words: A la Maria, li=dona-ré el llibre Gloss: to the.SG.F Mary DAT.SG=give.FUT.1SG the.SG.M book Translation: I will give the book to Mary Comment: This is a case of clitic left-dislocation Contributor: Txuss Martin |
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Words: *La=veu-rem a la noi-a Gloss: ACC.3SG.F=see.FUT.1PL to the.SG.FEM girl Translation: We will see the girl Contributor: Txuss Martin |
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Words: La Maria i la Marta hi=aniran i ens=trucaran Gloss: the.SG.F Mary and the.SG.F Marta LOC=go.FUT.3PL and ACC.PL=call.FUT.3PL Translation: Mary and Marta will go there and will call us Contributor: Txuss Martin |
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Words: Vingué Gloss: come.PST.3SG Translation: he came Contributor: Txuss Martin |
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Words: Ani-ré amb en Pere i amb la Maria Gloss: Go-FUT.1SG with the.SG.M Peter and with the.SG.F Mary Translation: I will go with Peter and Mary Contributor: Txuss Martin |
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Words: Vingué Gloss: come.PST.3SG Translation: he came Comment: expresses an action finished Contributor: Txuss Martin |
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Words: estic menjant Gloss: be.1SG eat.PTCP.PROG Translation: I am eating Contributor: Txuss Martin |
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Words: El=vull trencar Gloss: ACC.3SG.M=want.PRS.1SG break.INF Translation: I want to break it Comment: this is a case of clitic climbing Contributor: Txuss Martin |
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Words: En Joan ha marxat / La Maria ha marxat Gloss: the.SG.M John have.3SG leave.PTCP / the.SG.F Mary have.3SG leave.PTCP Translation: John has left / Mary has left Comment: Passives are not considered past participles Contributor: Txuss Martin |
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Words: Qui ha vingut? Gloss: who have.3SG come.PTCP? Translation: Who has come? Contributor: Txuss Martin |
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Words: El llibre se-rà editat la setmana vinent Gloss: the.SG.M book.SG.M be-3SG.FUT publish.PTCP the.SG.F week.SG.F next Translation: The book will be published next week Contributor: Txuss Martin |
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Words: A Barcelona, hi=aniré demà Gloss: to Barcelona, LOC=go.1SG.FUT tomorrow Translation: I'll go to Barcelona tomorrow Comment: This is a case of clitic left-dislocation Contributor: Txuss Martin |
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Words: De llibre-s, en=vull tres Gloss: of book-PL PART=want.1SG.PRS three Translation: I want three books Comment: PART = Partitive. This is a case of clitic left-dislocation Contributor: Txuss Martin |
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Words: Li=diré a la Maria que vingui Gloss: DAT.3SG=tell.1SG.FUT to the.SG.F Mary that come.3SG.SBJV Translation: I'll tell Mary to come Comment: Colloquial catalan, unlike normative Catalan, shows dative doubling with full DPs. It never shows accusative doubling Contributor: Txuss Martin |
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Words: Que vin-drà en Joan demà? Gloss: Q come-3SG.FUT the.SG.M John tomorrow Translation: Will John come tomorrow? Contributor: Txuss Martin |
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+
Chalcatongo Mixtec
|
Yes |
Jess Combs |
Plural marking is always optional, though when nominal plurality is marked, it is expressed with a free plural morhpeme which follows the head noun and/or a verbal prefix. |
Words: Káisiokú táa=rí xináʔa Gloss: Be.here.PL parents=1 plural Translation: ‘My parents are here.’ Contributor: Jess Combs |
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|
Chichewa
|
Yes |
Sam Mchombo |
|
|
Chickasaw
|
No |
Pam Munro |
|
|
Chol
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
|
|
Czech
|
No |
Pavel Caha |
|
|
+
Dagaare
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
|
Words: N ngmE o la Gloss: 1SG beat 3SG FOC Translation: I beat him Comment: Like French, Dagaare has weak and strong pronouns eg o /he/him' and onO 'HE/HIM' Contributor: Adams Bodomo |
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Words: a dOO Gloss: DEF man Translation: The man Contributor: Adams Bodomo |
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Words: a dOO but also a pOgO Gloss: DEF man DEF woman Translation: the man the woman Contributor: Adams Bodomo |
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Words: a bie gbiree la bee Gloss: DEF child sleep.PERF FOC PARTICLE Translation: Is the child asleep? Contributor: Adams Bodomo |
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Words: a bie waE la bee (o ba wa) Gloss: def child come.PERF PART (def NEG come) Translation: Has the child come or (he has not come) Comment: Yes/no questions resemble thus resemble choice quesions in Chinese and in either clause the subject preceeds the finite verb Contributor: Adams Bodomo |
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Words: Bong la ka fo dire Gloss: what FOC COMP 2SG eat.IMP Translation: What are you eating Comment: But like echo questions in English, we can have in-situ structures such as: fo dire la bong? Contributor: Adams Bodomo |
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Words: bie kanga Gloss: child INDEF Translation: a certain child Contributor: Adams Bodomo |
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Words: o mang waE GyerEbaa daa Gloss: def habit come Jirapa market Translation: He habitually/usually/always comes to Jirapa market Contributor: Adams Bodomo |
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Words: A bie gange la a die poO Gloss: DEF child lie FOC DEF inside Translation: The child is lying inside the room Comment: poO, Postp, 'inside' is related to poO, N, 'stomach' Contributor: Adams Bodomo |
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Dholuo
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
|
Digo
|
NA |
Steve Nicolle |
|
|
Digor Ossetic
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
|
Dutch
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
|
|
+
English
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
|
Words: I saw him Gloss: 1sg.NOM see.PST 3sg Contributor: Chris Collins |
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|
Words: the man left Gloss: DEF man leave.PST Contributor: Chris Collins |
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Words: John did-n't see, Mary Gloss: John do.PST-NEG see Mary Contributor: Chris Collins |
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Words: did John leave Gloss: do.PST John leave Translation: Did John leave? Comment: There is only subject-aux inversion, no separate particle. Contributor: Chris Collins |
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|
English (Singapore)
|
No |
Adam Chong |
|
|
European Portuguese
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
|
|
+
Ewe
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
|
Words: Kofi kpO-E Gloss: Kofi see.past-3sg Translation: Kofi saw him/her/it. Comment: Capital 'O' and capital 'E' stand for symbols in Ewe that require a specific font to produced in a word processor. Contributor: Chris Collins |
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Words: Ntsu la me va haDe o Gloss: man the Neg1 come yet Neg2 Translation: The man has not yet come. Contributor: Chris Collins |
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Words: Kofi me kpO Ama o Gloss: Kofi Neg1 see.past Ama Neg2 Translation: Kofi didn't see Ama. Contributor: Chris Collins |
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Words: e Du nu a Gloss: 2sg eat.past thing Q Translation: Did you eat? Contributor: Chris Collins |
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Words: Kofi gblO be Ama le ha dzi Gloss: Kofi say.past Compl Ama Prog song sing.prog Translation: Kofi said that Ama is singing. Contributor: Chris Collins |
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Farefari
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
|
|
Faroese
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
|
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Finnish
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
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+
French
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
|
Words: Paul me voit Gloss: Paul 1sg see.pres.3sg Translation: Paul sees me. Contributor: Chris Collins |
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Words: le professeur chante Gloss: Def professor sing.pres.3sg Translation: The professor sings Contributor: Chris Collins |
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Words: la femme est arrive.e en retard Gloss: Def woman be.3sg.pres arrive.part.fem late Translation: The woman arrived late. Contributor: Chris Collins |
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Words: Je ne sais pas Gloss: 1sg Neg1 know.1sg.pres Neg2 Translation: I don't know. Contributor: Chris Collins |
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Words: Jean dit que Marie chante Gloss: Jean say.pres.3sg Compl Marie sing.pres.3sg Translation: Jean says that Marie sings. Contributor: Chris Collins |
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Frisian (West Frisian)
|
NA |
Jarich Hoekstra |
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Ga
|
Yes |
Mary Esther Kropp Dakubu |
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Garifuna
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
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German
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
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Greek
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
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Gungbe (Porto-Novo)
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
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Haitian
|
No |
Michel DeGraff |
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Hanga
|
NA |
Geoffrey Hunt |
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Hausa
|
No |
Michael A. Estrada |
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Hebrew
|
No |
Ur Shlonsky |
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Hindi
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
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+
Hixkaryana
|
NA |
Laura Kalin |
|
Words: okomkurusu biryekomo heno y-osk-eko Gloss: bushmaster.snake child dead 3SBJ.3OBJ-bite-RECPST.COMPLETIVE Translation: It was a bushmaster snake that bit the child. Comment: This is an example with a focused subject, in which case the subject gets fronted before the object. (Derbyshire 1985:p. 74) Contributor: Laura Kalin |
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Hungarian
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
|
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Ibibio
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
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+
Icelandic
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
|
Words: Dó hann? Gloss: Die.3SG.PST 3SG.M Translation: Did he die? Contributor: Jim Wood |
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Words: Ég er búinn að fara þangað Gloss: 1SG be.1SG finished.M.SG.NOM to go there.to Translation: I´ve already gone there. Comment: According to Thráinsson 2007 (pp. 12), has a resultative reading, and is often odd with words like 'never'. Contributor: Jim Wood |
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+
Ilokano
|
Yes |
Jeremy Rafal |
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Words: Ni Juan ti g~imm~atang iti ayayam Gloss: PN Juan DET ACTVOC.PFV~bought OBL toy Translation: It was John who bought a toy. Comment: focus construction (pseudocleft) Contributor: Jeremy Rafal |
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imbabura quichua
|
NA |
UCLA Linguistics 210 |
|
|
Indonesian
|
Yes |
Mark Donohue |
|
|
Iron Ossetic
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
|
Italian
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
|
|
Japanese
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
|
|
Jingulu
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
|
|
Karachay
|
Yes |
Steve Seegmiller |
Gender does not exist as a grammatical category. There is no case or number agreement a head and its modifiers. |
|
KiLega
|
No |
Kasangati Kinyalolo |
|
|
Kiswahili
|
No |
Aggrey Wasike |
|
|
Korean
|
Yes |
Chung-hye Han |
|
|
Kuot
|
No |
Eva Lindström |
|
|
Laal
|
NA |
Florian Lionnet |
|
|
Lani
|
Yes |
Mark Donohue |
|
|
Lebanese Arabic
|
No |
Lina Choueiri |
|
|
Lubukusu
|
No |
Aggrey Wasike |
|
|
Maasai (Kisongo)
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
|
+
Malagasy
|
Yes |
Ed Keenan and Laura Kalin |
|
Words: Misy zazakely betsaka ao an-trano Gloss: PRES.AT.exist child many THERE LOC-house Translation: There are many children in the house Comment: This is an example of an existential. Contributor: Ed Keenan and Laura Kalin |
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+
Mandarin
|
Yes |
Arthur Wang |
|
Words: ni chi le ma Gloss: 2sg eat Perf Q Translation: Did you eat? Comment: .ma. occurs whenever the sentence is a yes-no question. .Perf. stands for perfective aspect. Contributor: Arthur Wang |
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Words: Lisi shuo Zhangsan zai changge Gloss: Lisi say Zhangsan Prog sing.song Translation: Lisi says that Zhangsan is singing. Comment: Nothing between the matrix verb and the embedded clause. Contributor: Arthur Wang |
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Maori
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
|
|
Marshallese
|
NA |
Heather Willson Sturman |
|
|
Medumba
|
No |
KEUPDJIO HERMANN SIDOINE |
|
|
Middle Dutch
|
NA |
Gertjan Postma |
|
|
Miya
|
NA |
Michael A. Estrada |
|
|
N|u
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
|
|
Naki
|
No |
Jeff Good |
|
|
Norwegian
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
|
Nupe
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
|
|
Nweh
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
|
Oevdalian
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
|
|
Old English
|
NA |
Willem Koopman |
|
|
One
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
|
|
Palue
|
Yes |
Mark Donohue |
|
|
panjabi
|
No |
Gurprit Bains |
|
|
Pashto
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
|
|
Polish
|
No |
Barbara Tomaszewicz |
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|
+
Romanian
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
|
Words: Maria ne vede Gloss: Mary us sees Translation: Mary sees us Contributor: Oana Savescu |
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Words: Copilul a venit. Gloss: child.the have.3SG come.PST.PTCP Translation: The child came. Contributor: Oana Savescu |
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+
Russian
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
|
Words: Kto prišël? Gloss: who come.3SG.PST Translation: Who came? Contributor: Jillian Kozyra |
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Salasaca Quichua
|
No |
Pieter Muysken |
|
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Samoan
|
No |
Vincent Homer |
|
|
Sandawe
|
No |
Helen Eaton |
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|
+
Shupamem
|
Yes |
Jillian Kozyra |
|
Words: a yun Njoya matwa Gloss: it buy.PST Njoya car Translation: NJOYA bought a car. Comment: The verb precedes the subject when the subject is focussed. Contributor: Abdoulaye Laziz Nchare |
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Skou
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
|
|
Spanish
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
|
|
Swedish
|
No |
fredrik heinat |
|
|
Swiss German
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
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|
Tagalog
|
NA |
Edith Aldridge |
|
|
Taiwanese Southern Min
|
Yes |
Arthur Wang |
|
|
Tarascan
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
|
|
Titan
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
|
|
Tlingit
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
|
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Tongan
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
|
Tukang Besi
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
|
|
Turkish
|
No |
Hilda Koopman |
|
|
Twi
|
Yes |
Chris Collins |
|
|
Ukrainian
|
NA |
Roksolana Mykhaylyk |
|
|
Vata
|
Yes |
Hilda Koopman |
|
|
Vlaški-Žejanski-Istro-Romanian
|
NA |
Zvjezdana Vrzic |
|
|
West Flemish
|
Yes |
Liliane Haegeman |
|
|
Western Armenian
|
No |
Hrayr Khanjian |
|
|
Wolof
|
NA |
Harold Torrence |
|
|
Yiddish
|
NA |
Shannon Mooney |
|
|
Yoruba
|
No |
Johnson Folorunso Ilori |
|
