Neg 08_Standard Negation is Tone plus Other Modification
| Definition |
|---|
| Standard Negation is Tone plus Other Modification is set to yes if the negation marker has the following characteristics
• There is a tone not present in the affirmative verb form which has to be used on the verb when it is negated • Change of this tone is obligatory under negation • The verb form undergoes other changes such as affixation not present in the affirmative. And/or • Other constituents in the negated sentence undergo obligatory tonal changes or affixation under negation Definition of Standard Negation Example In Igbo (Niger-Congo, Atlantic), standard negation is expressed by tone plus additional modification on the verb and on the subject pronoun: (Miestamo 2003: 275, citing Green and Igwe, 1963) a. Anyì cì anυ we carry bit.of.meat ‘We are/were carrying bits of meat.’ b. Anyı a-cí akhυ we PREF-carry palm.nut ‘We are/were not carry palm nuts.’ |
| Contributed by: Ljuba Veselinova |
| Language | Value | Contributor | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| =Hoan | No | Chris Collins | |
| Abaza | No | Brian O'Herin | |
| Acehnese | No | Julie Legate | |
| Adyghe | No | Yury Lander | |
| Afrikaans | No | Theresa Biberauer | |
| Albanian | No | Dalina Kallulli | |
| American Sign Language | NA | Natasha Abner | |
| Amharic | No | Girma Demeke | |
| Ancient Greek | No | Richard Faure | |
| Arabic, Gulf | NA | Dimitrios Ntelitheos | |
| Bajau, West Coast | No | Mark Miller | |
| Bambara | No | Bryan Villa | |
| Bandial | No | Wolfgang Berndt | |
| Bardi | NA | Claire Bowern | |
| Basaa | Yes | Paul Roger Bassong | |
| Bellinzonese | No | Andrea Cattaneo | |
| Beng | No | Denis Paperno | |
| Bengali | No | Priyanka Biswas | |
| Bole | No | Alhaji Gimba | |
| Brazilian Portuguese | No | Bruna Moreira | |
| Bulgarian | No | Ljuba Veselinova | |
| Burmese | No | Timothy Ho | |
| Calabrian (Northern) | No | Giuseppina Silvestri | |
| Catalan | No | Victoria Mateu | |
| Chichewa | No | Sam Mchombo | |
| Chickasaw | No | Pam Munro | |
| Chol | No | Jessica Coon | |
| Czech | No | Pavel Caha | |
| Dagaare | No | Adams Bodomo | |
| Dholuo | No | Hilda Koopman | |
| Digo | No | Steve Nicolle | |
| Digor Ossetic | No | David Erschler | |
| Dutch | No | Hilda Koopman | |
| Eastern Armenian | No | Karine Megerdoomian | |
| Egyptian Arabic | No | Arwa Rangwala | |
| English | No | Chris Collins | |
| English (Singapore) | No | Adam Chong | |
| European Portuguese | No | Salvador Mascarenhas | |
| Ewe | No | Chris Collins | |
| Faroese | No | Hjalmar Páll Petersen | |
| Finnish | No | Anders Holmberg | |
| French | No | Vincent Homer | |
| Frisian (West Frisian) | No | Jarich Hoekstra | |
| + Ga | Yes | Mary Esther Kropp Dakubu | |
| galician | No | Naír García | |
| Garifuna | No | Pam Munro | |
| georgian | No | Lea Nash | |
| German | No | Viola Schmitt | |
| Greek | No | Arhonto Terzi | |
| Gungbe (Porto-Novo) | No | Enoch Oladé Aboh | |
| Gurene | No | Samuel Atintono | |
| Haitian | No | Michel DeGraff | |
| Hakka | No | Iris Wu | |
| Hausa | No | Michael A. Estrada | |
| Hindi | No | Anoop Mahajan | |
| Hittite | No | Mattyas Huggard | |
| Hixkaryana | No | Laura Kalin | |
| Hungarian | No | Anna Szabolcsi | |
| Ibibio | No | Willie Willie | |
| Icelandic | No | Jim Wood | |
| Igala | Yes | Johnson Folorunso Ilori | |
| Iha | No | Mark Donohue | |
| imbabura quichua | No | UCLA Linguistics 210 | |
| Indonesian | No | Mark Donohue | |
| Iron Ossetic | No | David Erschler | |
| Isbukun Bunun | No | Iris Wu | |
| Italian | No | Adriana Belletti | |
| Jamaican Creole English | No | Stephanie Durrleman | |
| Japanese | No | Ken Hiraiwa | |
| Jarawara | No | Alan Vogel | |
| Kayan | No | Ken Manson | |
| Khasi | No | Gracious Temsen | |
| KiLega | No | Kasangati Kinyalolo | |
| Kiswahili | No | Aggrey Wasike | |
| Kiyaka | No | Lukowa Kidima | |
| Korean | No | Chung-hye Han | |
| Kuot | No | Eva Lindström | |
| Kurdish (Sorani) | No | Yadgar Karimi | |
| Kusunda | No | Mark Donohue | |
| Laal | No | Florian Lionnet | |
| Lango | No | Arwa Rangwala | |
| Lao | No | Alif Silpachai | |
| Lebanese Arabic | NA | Lina Choueiri | |
| Lubukusu | No | Aggrey Wasike | |
| Maasai (Kisongo) | Yes | Hilda Koopman | many forms of negation contain a high tone (exception: negation of present present tense) |
| Malagasy | No | Hilda Koopman | |
| Mandarin | No | Timothy Ho | |
| Maori | No | Ray Harlow | |
| Marshallese | No | Heather Willson Sturman | |
| Middle Dutch | No | Gertjan Postma | |
| Miya | No | Michael A. Estrada | |
| N|u | No | Chris Collins | |
| Nahuatl (Central Huasteca) | No | John Garcia | |
| Nahuatl (Classical) | No | John Garcia | |
| Nawdm | No | Hannah Kim | |
| Nepali | No | Mark Donohue | |
| Nez Perce | No | Amy Rose Deal | |
| Northern Thai | No | Alif Silpachai | |
| Norwegian | No | Marit Julien | |
| Nupe | No | Jason Kandybowicz | |
| Nweh | No | Hilda Koopman | |
| Okinawan | No | Ken Hiraiwa | |
| Old English | No | Willem Koopman | |
| Old French | NA | Heather Burnett | |
| Oluwanga | No | Dimitrios Ntelitheos | |
| One | No | Mark Donohue | |
| panjabi | No | Gurprit Bains | |
| Papuan Malay | No | Mark Donohue | |
| Pashto | No | Taylor Roberts | |
| Pima | No | Marcus Smith | |
| Polish | No | Barbara Tomaszewicz | |
| Q'anjob'al | No | Kathleen O'Flynn | |
| Romanian | No | Oana Savescu | |
| Russian | No | Denis Paperno | |
| Salasaca Quichua | No | Pieter Muysken | |
| Samoan | No | Vincent Homer | |
| San Dionisio Ocotepec Zapotec | No | George Aaron Broadwell | |
| Sandawe | No | Helen Eaton | |
| Scottish Gaelic | No | David Adger | |
| Senaya | No | Laura McPherson | |
| Shan | No | Alif Silpachai | |
| Shupamem | Yes | Abdoulaye Laziz Nchare | |
| Skou | No | Mark Donohue | |
| Slovenian | No | Franc Marušič | |
| Spanish | No | Michael A. Estrada | |
| Swedish | No | fredrik heinat | |
| Swiss German | No | Cecile Meier | |
| Tagalog | No | Edith Aldridge | |
| Taiwanese Southern Min | No | Arthur Wang | |
| Thai | No | Peter Jenks | |
| Titan | NA | Claire Bowern | |
| Tiwa | No | Virginia Dawson | |
| Tlingit | No | James Crippen | |
| Tommo-So | Yes | Laura McPherson | |
| Tongan | No | Hilda Koopman | |
| Triqui, Copala | No | George Aaron Broadwell | |
| Tukang Besi | No | Mark Donohue | |
| Tuki (Tukombo) | No | Edmond Biloa | |
| Turkish | No | Murat Kural | |
| Tuvan | No | Mark Donohue | |
| Ukrainian | No | Roksolana Mykhaylyk | |
| Vata | Yes | Hilda Koopman | |
| Wan | No | Tatiana Nikitina | |
| Warlpiri | No | Margit Bowler | |
| West Flemish | No | Liliane Haegeman | |
| Western Armenian | No | Hrayr Khanjian | |
| Wolane | No | Hannah Kim | |
| Wolof | No | Harold Torrence | |
| Yan-nhaŋu | NA | Claire Bowern | |
| Yawa | No | Mark Donohue | |
| Yoruba | No | Johnson Folorunso Ilori |