Neg 05_Standard Negation is Negative Auxiliary verb
| Definition |
|---|
| Standard Negation negative auxiliary verb is set to yes if it is expressed by an auxiliary that takes at least some of the inflectional categories or syntax typically associated with verbs in the language. In addition, negation by a negative auxiliary usually has an effect on the lexical verb in that it loses at least some its finite properties under negation.
Definition of Standard Negation Example Evenki (Altaic, Tungustic) (Nedyalkov, 1994) a. nuŋan min-du purta-va bū-che-n he I-DAT knife-ACC give-PST-3.SG ‘He gave me the knife.’ b. nuŋan min-du purta-va e-che-n bū-re he I-DAT knife-ACC NEG-PST-3.SG give-PTCP ‘He didn’t give me the knife.’ Most languages with negative auxiliaries behave like Evenki above in that at least some of the morphological marking associated with verb is taken over by the negative auxiliary. However, there are languages like Estonian (below) where the negative auxiliary ei has no morphological marking. It can still be defined as a verb since it takes the position of a verb occupies in an affirmative sentence; moreover, the lexical verb loses its person-number marking and is marked only for tense in the form of participle. Thus the lexical verb assumes a dependent form under negation. Example Estonian (Uralic, Finnic) (Miestamo p.c., see Harms, 1962: 131) a. ma läk-si-n şin̉na 1SG go-PST.IND-1.SG there ‘I went there.’ b. ma ei läin-ut şin̉na 1SG NEG go-PST.PART there ‘I didn’t go there.’ |
| Contributed by: Ljuba Veselinova |
| Language | Value | Contributor | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| =Hoan | No | Chris Collins | |
| Abaza | No | Brian O'Herin | |
| Acehnese | No | Julie Legate | |
| Adyghe | No | Yury Lander | |
| Afrikaans | No | Theresa Biberauer | |
| + Agni indénié | Not Yet Set | Amoikon Dyhié ASSANVO | |
| Albanian | No | Dalina Kallulli | |
| American Sign Language | No | Natasha Abner | |
| Amharic | No | Girma Demeke | |
| Ancient Greek | No | Richard Faure | |
| Arabic, Gulf | No | Dimitrios Ntelitheos | |
| Bajau, West Coast | Yes | Mark Miller | |
| + Bambara | Yes | Bryan Villa | |
| Bardi | NA | Claire Bowern | |
| Basaa | No | Paul Roger Bassong | |
| Bellinzonese | No | Andrea Cattaneo | |
| Bengali | No | Priyanka Biswas | 'be' and 'have' auxiliaries inflect with negation. For example, hOy 'is' vs. nOy 'is not', ache 'have' vs. nei 'doesn't have'. |
| Bole | No | Alhaji Gimba | |
| Brazilian Portuguese | No | Bruna Moreira | |
| Bulgarian | No | Ljuba Veselinova | |
| Burmese | No | Timothy Ho | |
| Calabrian (Northern) | No | Giuseppina Silvestri | |
| Catalan | No | Victoria Mateu | |
| Chichewa | No | Sam Mchombo | |
| Chickasaw | Yes | Pam Munro | There are two forms of standard negation -- a prefix plus a suffix or a negative auxiliary. They do not cooccur. |
| Chol | No | Jessica Coon | |
| Czech | No | Pavel Caha | |
| + Dagaare | Yes | Adams Bodomo | |
| Dholuo | Yes | Hilda Koopman | |
| Digo | No | Steve Nicolle | |
| Digor Ossetic | No | David Erschler | |
| Dutch | No | Hilda Koopman | |
| Eastern Armenian | Yes | Karine Megerdoomian | |
| Egyptian Arabic | No | Arwa Rangwala | |
| English | No | Chris Collins | |
| English (Singapore) | No | Adam Chong | |
| European Portuguese | No | Salvador Mascarenhas | |
| Ewe | No | Chris Collins | |
| Faroese | No | Hjalmar Páll Petersen | |
| + Finnish | Yes | Anders Holmberg | |
| French | No | Vincent Homer | |
| Frisian (West Frisian) | No | Jarich Hoekstra | |
| + Ga | Yes | Mary Esther Kropp Dakubu | only in subjunctive and imperative |
| galician | No | Naír García | |
| Garifuna | No | Pam Munro | |
| georgian | No | Lea Nash | |
| German | No | Viola Schmitt | |
| Greek | No | Arhonto Terzi | |
| Gungbe (Porto-Novo) | No | Enoch Oladé Aboh | |
| Gurene | No | Samuel Atintono | |
| Haitian | No | Michel DeGraff | |
| Hausa | No | Michael A. Estrada | |
| Hindi | Yes | Anoop Mahajan | |
| Hixkaryana | No | Laura Kalin | |
| Hungarian | No | Anna Szabolcsi | |
| Ibibio | No | Willie Willie | |
| Icelandic | No | Jim Wood | |
| Igala | No | Johnson Folorunso Ilori | |
| Iha | No | Mark Donohue | |
| imbabura quichua | Yes | UCLA Linguistics 210 | |
| Indonesian | No | Mark Donohue | |
| Iron Ossetic | No | David Erschler | |
| Italian | No | Adriana Belletti | |
| Japanese | No | Ken Hiraiwa | Not quite sure. |
| Jarawara | No | Alan Vogel | |
| Kayan | No | Ken Manson | |
| Khasi | No | Gracious Temsen | |
| KiLega | No | Kasangati Kinyalolo | |
| Kiswahili | No | Aggrey Wasike | |
| Kiyaka | No | Lukowa Kidima | |
| + Korean | Yes | Chung-hye Han | |
| Kuot | No | Eva Lindström | |
| Kurdish (Sorani) | No | Yadgar Karimi | |
| Kusunda | Yes | Mark Donohue | |
| Laal | No | Florian Lionnet | |
| Lango | No | Arwa Rangwala | |
| Lao | No | Alif Silpachai | |
| Lebanese Arabic | No | Lina Choueiri | |
| Lubukusu | No | Aggrey Wasike | |
| Maasai (Kisongo) | Yes | Hilda Koopman | For the Past and n-tense: an indiclinable auxiliary (eitu) occurs, which precedes the present tense form. (Tucker and Mpaayei, p.67.). |
| Malagasy | No | Hilda Koopman | |
| Mandarin | Yes | Timothy Ho | |
| Maori | No | Ray Harlow | |
| Marshallese | No | Heather Willson Sturman | |
| Middle Dutch | No | Gertjan Postma | |
| Miya | No | Michael A. Estrada | |
| N|u | No | Chris Collins | |
| Nahuatl (Central Huasteca) | No | John Garcia | |
| Nahuatl (Classical) | No | John Garcia | |
| + Nawdm | Yes | Hannah Kim | |
| Nepali | No | Mark Donohue | |
| Nez Perce | No | Amy Rose Deal | |
| Northern Thai | No | Alif Silpachai | |
| Norwegian | No | Marit Julien | |
| Nupe | No | Jason Kandybowicz | |
| Nweh | Yes | Hilda Koopman | |
| Okinawan | No | Ken Hiraiwa | |
| Old English | No | Willem Koopman | |
| Old French | No | Heather Burnett | |
| One | No | Mark Donohue | |
| panjabi | No | Gurprit Bains | |
| Papuan Malay | No | Mark Donohue | |
| Pashto | No | Taylor Roberts | |
| Pima | No | Marcus Smith | |
| Polish | No | Barbara Tomaszewicz | |
| Q'anjob'al | No | Kathleen O'Flynn | |
| Romanian | No | Oana Savescu | |
| Russian | No | Denis Paperno | |
| Salasaca Quichua | No | Pieter Muysken | |
| Samoan | No | Vincent Homer | |
| + San Dionisio Ocotepec Zapotec | Yes | George Aaron Broadwell | |
| Sandawe | No | Helen Eaton | |
| Scottish Gaelic | No | David Adger | |
| Shan | No | Alif Silpachai | |
| Shupamem | Yes | Abdoulaye Laziz Nchare | |
| Skou | No | Mark Donohue | |
| Spanish | No | Michael A. Estrada | |
| Swedish | No | fredrik heinat | |
| Swiss German | No | Cecile Meier | |
| + Tagalog | Yes | Edith Aldridge | |
| Taiwanese Southern Min | Yes | Arthur Wang | |
| Thai | No | Peter Jenks | |
| Titan | No | Claire Bowern | |
| Tlingit | No | James Crippen | |
| Tommo-So | No | Laura McPherson | |
| Tongan | Yes | Hilda Koopman | |
| Triqui, Copala | No | George Aaron Broadwell | |
| Tukang Besi | No | Mark Donohue | |
| Tuki (Tukombo) | No | Edmond Biloa | |
| Turkish | No | Murat Kural | |
| Tuvan | No | Mark Donohue | |
| Twi | No | Cansada Martin | |
| Ukrainian | No | Roksolana Mykhaylyk | |
| + Vata | Yes | Hilda Koopman | |
| Wan | No | Tatiana Nikitina | |
| + Warlpiri | Yes | Margit Bowler | |
| West Flemish | No | Liliane Haegeman | |
| Western Armenian | Yes | Hrayr Khanjian | |
| Wolof | No | Harold Torrence | |
| Yawa | No | Mark Donohue | |
| Yoruba | No | Johnson Folorunso Ilori | |
| Zulu | No | Claire Halpert |