Neg 06_Standard Negation is Higher verb
| Definition |
|---|
| Standard Negation is Higher Verb is set to yes if it is expressed as the sole predicate with a subordinate clause complement, (this would be comparable to: "(it) is.not [that Mary sang])"
Definition of Standard Negation Examples Tongan (Polynesian, Tongic): a. Na’e kei kata ((‘)a) e ongo ki’i ta’ahiné PAST still laugh ABS ART DU CLAS girl:DEF ‘The two little girls were still laughing.’ (Broschart, 1999: 97) b. Na’e ‘ikai ke kata ‘a Pita PAST NEG SUB laugh ABS Pita ‘Pita did not laugh.’ (literally:[it] was not that Pita laugh[ed]) (Broschart, 1999: 104) |
| Contributed by: Ljuba Veselinova |
| Language | Value | Contributor | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| =Hoan | No | Chris Collins | |
| Abaza | No | Brian O'Herin | |
| Acehnese | No | Julie Legate | |
| Adyghe | No | Yury Lander | |
| Afrikaans | No | Theresa Biberauer | |
| Albanian | No | Dalina Kallulli | |
| American Sign Language | No | Natasha Abner | |
| Amharic | No | Girma Demeke | |
| Ancient Greek | No | Richard Faure | |
| Arabic, Gulf | No | Dimitrios Ntelitheos | |
| Armenian (Eastern) | No | Sona Haroutyunian | |
| Bafut | No | Pius Tamanji | |
| Bajau, West Coast | No | Mark Miller | |
| Bambara | No | Bryan Villa | |
| Bandial | No | Wolfgang Berndt | |
| Bardi | NA | Claire Bowern | |
| + Basaa | No | Paul Roger Bassong | |
| Bellinzonese | No | Andrea Cattaneo | |
| Beng | No | Denis Paperno | |
| Bengali | No | Priyanka Biswas | |
| Bole | No | Alhaji Gimba | |
| Brazilian Portuguese | No | Bruna Moreira | |
| + Bulgarian | Yes | Ljuba Veselinova | has to be used in sentences with future time reference |
| Burmese | No | Timothy Ho | |
| Calabrian (Northern) | No | Giuseppina Silvestri | |
| Cantonese (Guangzhou) | No | Zixian Qiu | |
| Catalan | No | Victoria Mateu | |
| Chichewa | No | Sam Mchombo | |
| Chickasaw | No | Pam Munro | |
| Chol | No | Jessica Coon | |
| Cypriot Greek | No | Marios Andreou | |
| Czech | No | Pavel Caha | |
| Dagaare | No | Adams Bodomo | |
| Danish | No | Fabricio M. F. Gerardi | |
| Dholuo | No | Hilda Koopman | |
| Digo | No | Steve Nicolle | |
| Digor Ossetic | No | David Erschler | |
| Dutch | No | Hilda Koopman | |
| Eastern Armenian | No | Karine Megerdoomian | |
| Egyptian Arabic | No | Arwa Rangwala | |
| English | No | Chris Collins | |
| English (Singapore) | No | Adam Chong | |
| European Portuguese | No | Salvador Mascarenhas | |
| Ewe | No | Chris Collins | |
| Faroese | No | Hjalmar Páll Petersen | |
| Farsi | No | Natasha Schimka | |
| Finnish | No | Anders Holmberg | |
| French | No | Vincent Homer | |
| Frisian (West Frisian) | No | Jarich Hoekstra | |
| Ga | No | Mary Esther Kropp Dakubu | |
| galician | No | Naír García | |
| Garifuna | No | Pam Munro | |
| georgian | No | Lea Nash | |
| German | No | Viola Schmitt | |
| Gothic | No | Fabricio M. F. Gerardi | |
| Greek | No | Arhonto Terzi | |
| Greek (Cappadocian) | No | Petros Karatsareas | |
| Greek (Homer) | No | Chiara Bozzone | |
| Greek (Medieval) | No | Io Manolessou | |
| Guébie | No | Hannah Sande | |
| Gungbe (Porto-Novo) | Yes | Enoch Oladé Aboh | |
| Gurene | No | Samuel Atintono | |
| Haitian | No | Michel DeGraff | |
| Hausa | No | Michael A. Estrada | |
| Hebrew | No | Ur Shlonsky | |
| Hebrew (Biblical) | No | Massimo Gargiulo | |
| Hindi | No | Anoop Mahajan | |
| Hixkaryana | No | Laura Kalin | |
| + Hungarian | Yes | Anna Szabolcsi | |
| Ibibio | No | Willie Willie | |
| Icelandic | No | Jim Wood | |
| Igala | No | Johnson Folorunso Ilori | |
| Igbo | No | Mary Amaechi | |
| Iha | No | Mark Donohue | |
| imbabura quichua | No | UCLA Linguistics 210 | |
| Indonesian | No | Mark Donohue | |
| Iron Ossetic | No | David Erschler | |
| Italian | No | Adriana Belletti | |
| Italian (Napoletano Antico) | No | Adam Ledgeway | |
| Italian (Reggiano) | No | Giovanni Roversi | |
| Japanese | No | Ken Hiraiwa | |
| Jarawara | No | Alan Vogel | |
| K'iche' | No | Pam Munro | |
| Kashaya | No | John Gluckman | |
| Kayan | No | Ken Manson | |
| Khasi | No | Gracious Temsen | |
| KiLega | No | Kasangati Kinyalolo | |
| Kiswahili | No | Aggrey Wasike | |
| Kiyaka | No | Lukowa Kidima | |
| Kom | No | Richard Kwamong | |
| Korean | No | Chung-hye Han | |
| Kuot | No | Eva Lindström | |
| Kurdish (Sorani) | No | Yadgar Karimi | |
| Kusunda | No | Mark Donohue | |
| Laal | No | Florian Lionnet | |
| Lango | No | Arwa Rangwala | |
| Lao | No | Alif Silpachai | |
| Latin | No | Fabricio M. F. Gerardi | |
| Latin (Late) | No | Chiara Gianollo | |
| Lebanese Arabic | No | Lina Choueiri | |
| Lithuanian | No | Felix Thies | |
| Lubukusu | No | Aggrey Wasike | |
| Maasai (Kisongo) | Yes | Hilda Koopman | the past tense uses an invariant verbal form/auxiliary taking the present tense form as its complement. This verb/auxiliary has invariant 3rd person inflection. |
| Mada | No | Bebey Théodore | |
| Malagasy | No | Hilda Koopman | |
| Mandarin | No | Timothy Ho | |
| + Maori | Yes | Ray Harlow | |
| Marshallese | No | Heather Willson Sturman | |
| Middle Dutch | No | Gertjan Postma | |
| Miya | No | Michael A. Estrada | |
| Moroccan Arabic | No | Arwa Rangwala | |
| Muyang | No | Bebey Théodore | |
| N|u | No | Chris Collins | |
| Nahuatl (Central Huasteca) | No | John Garcia | |
| Nahuatl (Classical) | No | John Garcia | |
| Nawdm | No | Hannah Kim | |
| Neapolitan | No | Giuseppe Samo | |
| Nepali | No | Mark Donohue | |
| Nez Perce | No | Amy Rose Deal | |
| + Nkore-Kiga | No | Hilda Koopman | |
| Northern Thai | No | Alif Silpachai | |
| Norwegian | No | Marit Julien | |
| Nupe | No | Jason Kandybowicz | |
| Nweh | No | Hilda Koopman | |
| Okinawan | No | Ken Hiraiwa | |
| Old English | No | Willem Koopman | |
| Old French | No | Heather Burnett | |
| Old Norse | No | Fabricio M. F. Gerardi | |
| Old Saxon | No | George Walkden | |
| Oluwanga | No | Dimitrios Ntelitheos | |
| Oluwanga (Eji) | No | Ceciliane Odangah | |
| One | No | Mark Donohue | |
| panjabi | No | Gurprit Bains | |
| Papuan Malay | No | Mark Donohue | |
| Pashto | No | Taylor Roberts | |
| Pima | No | Marcus Smith | |
| Polish | No | Barbara Tomaszewicz | |
| Portuguese | No | Fabricio M. F. Gerardi | |
| Q'anjob'al | No | Kathleen O'Flynn | |
| Romanian | No | Oana Savescu | |
| Russian | No | Denis Paperno | |
| Salasaca Quichua | No | Pieter Muysken | |
| Samoan | No | Vincent Homer | |
| San Dionisio Ocotepec Zapotec | Yes | George Aaron Broadwell | |
| Sandawe | No | Helen Eaton | |
| Scottish Gaelic | No | David Adger | |
| Shupamem | No | Abdoulaye Laziz Nchare | |
| Sicilian | No | Cristina Guardiano | |
| Skou | No | Mark Donohue | |
| Spanish | No | Michael A. Estrada | |
| Swedish | No | fredrik heinat | |
| Swiss German | No | Cecile Meier | |
| Tagalog | No | Edith Aldridge | |
| Taiwanese Southern Min | No | Arthur Wang | |
| Teramano | No | Iara Mantenuto | |
| Thai | No | Peter Jenks | |
| Titan | No | Claire Bowern | |
| Tiwa | No | Virginia Dawson | |
| Tlingit | No | James Crippen | |
| Tocharian A | No | Bernhard Koller | |
| Tocharian B | No | Bernhard Koller | |
| Tongan | Yes | Hilda Koopman | |
| Triqui, Copala | No | George Aaron Broadwell | |
| Tukang Besi | No | Mark Donohue | |
| Tuki (Tukombo) | No | Edmond Biloa | |
| Tupi (Ancient) | No | Fabricio M. F. Gerardi | |
| Turkish | No | Murat Kural | |
| Tuvan | No | Mark Donohue | |
| Twi | No | Cansada Martin | |
| Ukrainian | No | Roksolana Mykhaylyk | |
| Vata | No | Hilda Koopman | |
| Vietnamese | No | Jimmy Nguyen | |
| Warlpiri | No | Margit Bowler | |
| West Flemish | No | Liliane Haegeman | |
| Western Armenian | No | Hrayr Khanjian | |
| Wolane | No | Hannah Kim | |
| Wolof | No | Harold Torrence | |
| Wuhu Chinese | No | Zhuo Chen | |
| Xhosa | No | Xiujie Ma | |
| Yémba | No | Elsie Mawamba | |
| Yawa | No | Mark Donohue | |
| Yoruba | No | Johnson Folorunso Ilori | |
| Zulu | No | Claire Halpert |