Neg 12_Distinct Negation of identity
| Definition |
|---|
| Distinct Negation of identity is set to yes when the negation strategy used in such sentences differs from Standard Negation.
Definition of Predication of Identity Th negation used in predications of identity can be established on the basis of sentences such as the following: I am not Tom. This man is not the doctor. Example Tahitian (Austronesian, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Polynesian, Nuclear, East), (Lazard and Peltzer, 1999: 155): a. ‘o te taote terā ta’ata PR ART doctor DEM man ‘This man is the doctor.’ (PR = presentative) b. E’ere o’ te taote terā ta’ata NEG PR ART doctor DEM man ‘This man is not the doctor.’ For the negation of verbal predications one has to use different negation markers, ‘aita/’aore or ‘eita/’eore and also a different syntactic construction. An example is shown below. Example Tahitian (Austronesian, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Polynesian, Nuclear, East), (Lazard and Peltzer, 1999: 155): a. ‘ua reva te taote TAM leave ART doctor ‘The doctor left.’ b. ‘aita te taote i reva NEG ART doctor TAM leave ‘The doctor did not leave.’ The values for this property should be yes or no |
| Contributed by: Ljuba Veselinova |
| Language | Value | Contributor | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| =Hoan | No | Chris Collins | |
| Abaza | No | Brian O'Herin | |
| Acehnese | No | Julie Legate | |
| Afrikaans | No | Theresa Biberauer | |
| Albanian | No | Dalina Kallulli | |
| American Sign Language | No | Natasha Abner | |
| + Amharic | Yes | Girma Demeke | |
| Ancient Greek | No | Richard Faure | |
| Arabic, Gulf | Yes | Dimitrios Ntelitheos | |
| Armenian (Eastern) | No | Sona Haroutyunian | |
| Bafut | No | Pius Tamanji | |
| Bajau, West Coast | Yes | Mark Miller | |
| Bambara | No | Bryan Villa | |
| Bandial | Yes | Wolfgang Berndt | |
| Bardi | No | Claire Bowern | |
| Basaa | No | Paul Roger Bassong | |
| Bellinzonese | No | Andrea Cattaneo | |
| Beng | No | Denis Paperno | |
| Bole | No | Alhaji Gimba | |
| Brazilian Portuguese | No | Bruna Moreira | |
| Bulgarian | No | Ljuba Veselinova | |
| Burmese | No | Timothy Ho | |
| Calabrian (Northern) | No | Giuseppina Silvestri | |
| Cantonese (Guangzhou) | No | Zixian Qiu | |
| Catalan | No | Victoria Mateu | |
| Chichewa | Yes | Sam Mchombo | |
| Chickasaw | No | Pam Munro | |
| Chol | Yes | Jessica Coon | |
| Cypriot Greek | No | Marios Andreou | |
| Czech | No | Peter Kosta | |
| Dagaare | No | Adams Bodomo | |
| Danish | No | Fabricio M. F. Gerardi | |
| Dholuo | No | Hilda Koopman | |
| + Digo | Yes | Steve Nicolle | |
| Digor Ossetic | No | David Erschler | |
| Dutch | No | Hilda Koopman | |
| Eastern Armenian | No | Karine Megerdoomian | |
| English | No | Chris Collins | |
| English (Singapore) | No | Adam Chong | |
| European Portuguese | No | Salvador Mascarenhas | |
| Ewe | No | Chris Collins | |
| Farefari | Yes | Mary Esther Kropp Dakubu | Negated by a replacive copula verb |
| Faroese | No | Hjalmar Páll Petersen | |
| Finnish | No | Anders Holmberg | |
| French | No | Vincent Homer | |
| Frisian (West Frisian) | No | Jarich Hoekstra | |
| + Ga | Yes | Mary Esther Kropp Dakubu | Negated by a replacive copula verb |
| galician | No | Naír García | |
| georgian | No | Lea Nash | |
| German | No | Viola Schmitt | |
| Gothic | No | Fabricio M. F. Gerardi | |
| Greek | No | Arhonto Terzi | |
| Greek (Cappadocian) | No | Petros Karatsareas | |
| Greek (Homer) | No | Cristina Guardiano | |
| Greek (Medieval) | No | Io Manolessou | |
| Guébie | No | Hannah Sande | |
| Gungbe (Porto-Novo) | No | Enoch Oladé Aboh | |
| Gurene | No | Samuel Atintono | |
| Haitian | No | Michel DeGraff | |
| Hausa | No | Michael A. Estrada | |
| Hebrew | Yes | Ur Shlonsky | |
| Hindi | No | Gurprit Bains | |
| Hittite | No | Mattyas Huggard | |
| Hixkaryana | No | Laura Kalin | |
| Hungarian | No | Anna Szabolcsi | |
| Ibibio | No | Willie Willie | |
| Icelandic | No | Jim Wood | |
| Igala | No | Johnson Folorunso Ilori | |
| Igbo | No | Mary Amaechi | |
| imbabura quichua | No | UCLA Linguistics 210 | |
| Indonesian | Yes | Mark Donohue | |
| Iron Ossetic | No | David Erschler | |
| Italian | No | Adriana Belletti | |
| Italian (Napoletano Antico) | No | Adam Ledgeway | |
| Italian (Reggiano) | No | Giovanni Roversi | |
| Jamaican Creole English | No | Stephanie Durrleman | |
| Japanese | No | Ken Hiraiwa | It might depend on how to analyze a copula in Japanese. |
| Jarawara | No | Alan Vogel | |
| K'iche' | No | Pam Munro | |
| Kashaya | No | John Gluckman | |
| Kayan | No | Ken Manson | |
| KiLega | No | Kasangati Kinyalolo | |
| Kiswahili | Yes | Aggrey Wasike | |
| + Kiyaka | Yes | Lukowa Kidima | |
| Kom | No | Richard Kwamong | |
| Korean | No | Chung-hye Han | |
| Kuot | No | Eva Lindström | |
| Kurdish (Sorani) | No | Yadgar Karimi | |
| Kusunda | No | Mark Donohue | |
| Laal | No | Florian Lionnet | |
| Lao | Yes | Alif Silpachai | |
| Latin | No | Fabricio M. F. Gerardi | |
| Latin (Late) | No | Chiara Gianollo | |
| Lebanese Arabic | Yes | Lina Choueiri | |
| Lubukusu | No | Aggrey Wasike | |
| Maasai (Kisongo) | No | Hilda Koopman | |
| Mada | No | Bebey Théodore | |
| Malagasy | No | Hilda Koopman | |
| Mandarin | No | Timothy Ho | |
| Maori | No | Ray Harlow | |
| Marshallese | No | Heather Willson Sturman | |
| Middle Dutch | No | Gertjan Postma | |
| Miya | No | Michael A. Estrada | |
| + Moroccan Arabic | No | Arwa Rangwala | |
| Muyang | No | Bebey Théodore | |
| Nahuatl (Central Huasteca) | No | John Garcia | |
| Nahuatl (Classical) | No | John Garcia | |
| Nawdm | Yes | Hannah Kim | |
| nda'nda' | No | Christelle Niguieu Toukam | |
| Neapolitan | No | Giuseppe Samo | |
| Nepali | Yes | Mark Donohue | |
| Nez Perce | No | Amy Rose Deal | |
| Nkore-Kiga | No | Hilda Koopman | |
| Northern Thai | No | Alif Silpachai | |
| Norwegian | No | Marit Julien | |
| Nupe | No | Jason Kandybowicz | |
| Nweh | No | Hilda Koopman | |
| Okinawan | No | Ken Hiraiwa | |
| Old English | No | Willem Koopman | |
| Old French | No | Heather Burnett | |
| Old Norse | No | Fabricio M. F. Gerardi | |
| Old Saxon | No | George Walkden | |
| Oluwanga | No | Dimitrios Ntelitheos | |
| Oluwanga (Eji) | No | Ceciliane Odangah | |
| One | Yes | Mark Donohue | |
| panjabi | No | Gurprit Bains | |
| Papuan Malay | Yes | Mark Donohue | |
| Pashto | No | Taylor Roberts | |
| Pima | No | Marcus Smith | |
| Polish | No | Barbara Tomaszewicz | |
| Portuguese | No | Fabricio M. F. Gerardi | |
| Romanian | No | Oana Savescu | |
| Russian | No | Denis Paperno | |
| Salasaca Quichua | No | Pieter Muysken | |
| Samoan | No | Vincent Homer | |
| Sandawe | No | Helen Eaton | |
| Sasak | Yes | Nur Ahmadi and Eli Asikin-Garmager | |
| Scottish Gaelic | No | David Adger | |
| Shan | No | Alif Silpachai | |
| Shupamem | Yes | Abdoulaye Laziz Nchare | |
| Sicilian | No | Cristina Guardiano | |
| Skou | No | Mark Donohue | |
| Spanish | No | Michael A. Estrada | |
| Swedish | No | fredrik heinat | |
| Swiss German | No | Cecile Meier | |
| Tagalog | No | Edith Aldridge | |
| Taiwanese Southern Min | No | Arthur Wang | |
| Teramano | No | Iara Mantenuto | |
| Thai | Yes | Peter Jenks | |
| Titan | No | Claire Bowern | |
| Tlingit | No | James Crippen | |
| Tocharian A | No | Bernhard Koller | |
| Tommo-So | No | Laura McPherson | |
| Tongan | No | Hilda Koopman | |
| Triqui, Copala | No | George Aaron Broadwell | |
| Tukang Besi | No | Mark Donohue | |
| Tuki (Tukombo) | No | Edmond Biloa | |
| + Tupi (Ancient) | Yes | Fabricio M. F. Gerardi | |
| + Turkish | Yes | Murat Kural | see note on negation in predicative context |
| Twi | No | Cansada Martin | |
| Ukrainian | No | Roksolana Mykhaylyk | |
| Vata | No | Hilda Koopman | |
| Vietnamese | No | Jimmy Nguyen | |
| West Flemish | No | Liliane Haegeman | |
| Western Armenian | No | Hrayr Khanjian | |
| Wuhu Chinese | No | Zhuo Chen | |
| Xhosa | No | Xiujie Ma | |
| Yémba | Yes | Elsie Mawamba | |
| Yawa | No | Mark Donohue | |
| Yoruba | No | Johnson Folorunso Ilori | |
| Zamboageño Chabacano | No | Grace Gaspardo | |
| Zulu | No | Claire Halpert |